Kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwemibini, amazwe angamalungu e-UN ebesokola ukufikelela kwisivumelwano sehlabathi malunga neplastiki. Iingxoxo ziya kuqhubeka eGeneva ngo-Agasti. Injongo sisivumelwano esinamanyathelo okubopha kwihlabathi liphela ngokuchasene nongcoliseko lweplastiki kwihlabathi liphela . Abaphandi kwiZiko leLeibniz loPhando lwezoLwandle lwaseTropical (ZMT) ngoku bahlolisise amaqhinga akhoyo kwaye bacebisa iindlela ezincedisayo zokujongana ngcono nengxaki yenkunkuma yeplastiki elwandle kwixesha elizayo.
Bathembele kwiiplastiki ezintsha, eziguquguqukayo ze-biodegradable "zesizukulwana sesithathu," eziza kuphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kwingcamango ye-EU "Ekhuselekileyo kwaye iZinzile ngoYilo" (SSbD).
Ngowama-2022, iitoni ezingama-400 ezigidi zeplastiki zaveliswa kwihlabathi liphela, ezintathu ukuya kwezintlanu ekhulwini zazo zaphelela kwindalo esingqongileyo . Oku akupheleli nje ekubeni nempembelelo embi kwiinkqubo zendalo zaselwandle nezasemhlabeni kunye nabemi bazo, kodwa kukwachaphazela kakhulu ukhenketho, ukuloba, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu . Abantu abamalunga neebhiliyoni ezimbini abadibani nenkqubo yokulahla inkunkuma esebenzayo , uninzi lwabo luhlala kumazwe ashushu.
Inkunkuma yePlastiki iyaqhubeka nokusingqongileyo amashumi eminyaka okanye ngaphezulu. Apho, ayinakuthotywa i-biodegrade kodwa iyaqhekeka ibe yi-microplastics okanye i-nanoplastics, eneziphumo ezibi, ngakumbi kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Inkunkuma yaselwandle ibe yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu zehlabathi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje; ekujoliswe kuko (i-SDG 14.1) yeNjongo ye-UN yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo ye-14 ("Ubomi obungaphantsi kwaManzi") ikhuthaza ukuncitshiswa okubonakalayo ngo-2025.
Kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho siphelo emehlweni wokulahla inkunkuma. Nokuba kuthathwe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo nabambeneyo okunciphisa ukusetyenziswa, ngaphezulu kwe-2040 yezigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma yeplastiki ingangena kwi-ecosystems yasemanzini nasemhlabeni ngo-700.
Isazinzulu ngendalo esingqongileyo uRebecca Lahl kunye nomphandi wozinzo uRaimund Bleischwitz ovela kwi-ZMT baphonononge iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulwa nenkunkuma yeplastiki elwandle. Kupapasho lwabo, bahlalutya iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga kwezixhobo ezikhoyo. Bagxininisa kwiingcamango zolawulo lwenkunkuma ngomoya woqoqosho oluzinzileyo lwesetyhula, kunye neendlela zobuchwepheshe, ezifana ne-interceptors yenkunkuma yeplastiki elwandle, kwaye ibiza uxanduva olukhulu oluvela kubavelisi, kunye nokukhetha ukuqhubeka kwamaphulo okwazisa ukuguqula ukuziphatha kwabathengi.
"La manyathelo kufuneka aqhubeke ephunyezwa kwaye anwetshwe, kodwa akwanelanga ukujongana nengxaki yeplastiki," utshilo uRebecca Lahl, umbhali okhokelayo wolu phando. "Isisombululo sethu esicetywayo siqala ngaphambili - oko kukuthi, ngokuphuhliswa kweekhemikhali kunye nezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweeplastiki." Njengeqhinga elincedisayo, abaphandi be-ZMT ke ngoko bacebisa ukuba kuphuhliswe iiplastikhi ezinokonakala kwixa elizayo ngokusekelwe kwingqikelelo yaseYurophu 'Yokhuseleko noZinzo ngoYilo' (SSbD).
Ngale ndlela, iKhomishini yaseYurophu, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-'Green Deal' eyamkelwe ngo-2019, ijolise ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso lweekhemikhali, izixhobo, kunye neemveliso apho ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izigaba zobomi babo. Isisombululo esinjalo siyimfuneko ngokukodwa kwiiplastiki, ezinokuthi zingene kwindawo engqongileyo kwaye zihlale apho kangangeminyaka engamakhulu ( iiplastiki 'ezihlala ixesha elide' ). Abaphandi be-ZMT bafuna ukuba kutshintshwe iikhemikhali zeplastiki ezingakhuselekanga, ezingazinziyo, nezingabalulekanga, iipolymers, kunye neemveliso ngeemveliso zoshishino ezikhoyo.
'Ikhuselekile kwaye iZinzile ngoYilo' (SSbD), umzekelo, ibandakanya ukuphuhliswa kweeplastiki ukwenzela ukuba, emva kokuba zifezekise injongo yazo, zibole zibe ngamacandelo angenabungozi kokusingqongileyo okanye ebantwini, okanye alungele ukuphinda asetyenziswe, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ukuhlenga-hlengisa, kunye nokuhlaziywa / ukulungiswa kwakhona. "Iiplastiki ze-Biodegradable ngokwemiqathango ye-SSbD zinika ithemba elitsha kwaye ingaba sisicwangciso esongezelelweyo sokujongana nenkunkuma yeplastiki elwandle, kodwa nasemhlabeni," kusho uRebecca Lahl.
Umbhali-mbhali uRaimund Bleischwitz, ingcali yoqoqosho lwesetyhula kwi-ZMT kunye noNjingalwazi kwi-Global Sustainable Resources kwiYunivesithi yaseBremen, wongezelela: "Oku kwenza kube lula ukwenza izinto ezintsha ezikhuselekileyo ngokwemvelo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye kukhuthazwa ixesha elide lokuzinza kwezinto eziphilayo, uqoqosho kunye noluntu." Abaphandi be-ZMT babhekisa kwimathiriyeli ephuhliswe ngokusekelwe kwi-'SSbD' njenge "plastiki zesizukulwana sesithathu ezinokubola."
Kwangoko ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kunye noo-1980, ishishini laligxile kwi-biodegradability, kodwa le ndlela yokuqala ayiphumelelanga. "Impazamo enkulu yengcamango ngelo xesha yayinamathele kwiipolymers zeplastiki 'zanaphakade'. Kwaye ke baziswa kwimarike ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okwaneleyo ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo zokunciphisa, kwaye zathengiswa njengesisombululo kwingxaki yeplastiki, "kuchaza uRaimund Bleischwitz.
Ngeminyaka yee-1990, ugxininiso lwatshintshela kwiipolima zendalo. URebecca Lahl uyacacisa: "Iipolymers eziqhelekileyo ezifunyenwe kwindalo ziyiprotheni, i-polysaccharides, i-lignin, kunye ne-rubber yendalo, leyo, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, inokuhlala iminyaka emininzi kwaye ibole ibe ziibhloko zokwakha ezingenabungozi njengeswekile."
Iiplastiki "zesizukulwana sesibini" ezingonakaliswayo ngoku zithatha malunga ne-0,5 ekhulwini kuphela yeeplastiki ezikwimarike yehlabathi. Ngelixa iingcali ze-ZMT zizigqala njengephambili xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki “zanaphakade” zabanduleli bazo, umsebenzi owongezelelekileyo wophuhliso uyafuneka apha kananjalo ukuze kudalwe iiplastiki ezizinzile ngokwaneleyo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa nokuthotywa kwimekobume (yolwandle) ngexesha elifutshane ngokwaneleyo.
Ngendlela 'eKhuselekileyo kwaye iZinzile ngoYilo', isizukulwana sesithathu seeplastiki ezinokonakala ngendalo ngoku zinokunika ithemba kumlo ochasene nenkunkuma yeplastiki, batsho abaphandi be-ZMT. "Ezi plastiki azikabikho, kodwa ukuba abezomthetho baseYurophu bafuna ukuthotywa okuchaziweyo kwiiplastiki ezifana ne-microplastics okanye iifilimu zokupakisha, iiplastiki kufuneka ziphuculwe ukufezekisa le njongo," utsho uRebecca Lahl. "Ngokwale mbono, iimolekyuli zepolymer aziyi kuzinza ngokungenasiphelo, kodwa ziya kuncipha ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko ke, imigangatho yokhuseleko ephezulu kakhulu kufuneka isebenze kwiiplastiki ezichithwayo, kubandakanywa nezongezo."
Ngokukodwa, iingcali ze-ZMT zicebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe iiplastikhi ze-biodegradable eziphuhliswe ngokomgaqo we-SSbD ngokukodwa kwiimveliso ezingena kokusingqongileyo (ulwandle okanye umhlaba). Bakholelwa ukuba ezi plastikhi zilandelayo kufuneka zibandakanywe kwiinzame zokuyila izinto ezintsha ngokubhekiselele kwi-biodegradability:
1. zonke ii-microplastics ezinokuthi ziqhubeke zisetyenziswa kwiimveliso zabathengi ezifana nee-agent zokucoca, i-salts yokucoca okanye i-cosmetics kunye nemveliso yokunyamekela (umzekelo, i-toothpaste)
2. IMicroplastic esetyenziswa kwipeyinti, ivanishi, iicoatings kunye nezitywini kwicandelo lolwakhiwo kwaye zixhomekeke kwimozulu embi.
3. Iimveliso zerabha ezikhutshiweyo kwindawo njengemicroplastics ukuya kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa
4. Izinto zeplastiki okanye amalaphu aphantsi kwe-abrasion enzulu ngexesha lokusetyenziswa (amalaphu okucoca, izipontshi, amalaphu okomisa, amalaphu okucoca, njl.
5. iimveliso zeplastiki yezolimo ezifana nokupakishwa kwembewu kunye nesichumiso, iifilim zemulch ezibhityileyo, imbewu yezityalo, iityhubhu zokukhusela imithi ezingasuswanga emhlabeni.
6. Iinethi zokuloba (ingakumbi iitrawls) kunye nezinye iimveliso zeplastiki ezisetyenziselwa ukuloba
7.Iingubo zokusetyenziswa kakhulu emanzini (umzekelo, iimethi, ii-splash guards, iimpahla zokuqubha, njl.njl.)
8. iindawo ezincinci zeplastiki ezifana neengcingo zomlilo
9. ukupakishwa kokutya okukhethiweyo kumthamo
10. ezinye izinto ezilahlwayo (umz. iimpundu zecuba)
Iimfuno zabaphandi be-ZMT zinokuvakala zingaqhelekanga okanye zingenangqondo, njengoko bebiza kungekuphela nje ukutshintshwa kweparadigm kwimveliso yeplastiki, kodwa "nokuphazamiseka kwezinto ezintsha kwikhonkco elitsha elivelayo." Ngaba indlela yabo yokwenza izinto mhlawumbi inokophula umgangatho omtsha wolawulo?
URaimund Bleischwitz uthi: "Kukho imizekelo emininzi, ngokukodwa kwinqanaba le-EU, apho izinto ezintsha zaqala ukuvuswa yimigangatho enqwenelekayo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, umzekelo, imida yokukhutshwa kwemizi-mveliso okanye iimoto, apho iteknoloji efunekayo yaphuhliswa kuphela emva koko."
URebecca Lahl uyavuma: "Nabani na ohlalutya ukuphuhliswa kweeplastiki eziqhelekileyo uya kuqaphela ukuba ukuyila kwemveliso kuye kwanda kakhulu kwaye kuphuculwe kwiminyaka yamuva nje. Ifilimu elula yokupakisha inyama okanye ushizi namhlanje iqulethwe ngamanqwanqwa amaninzi ahlukeneyo aguqula le filimu ibe yimveliso yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Sisebenzisa imali kule mveliso entsha yoyilo. "
Ushicilelo lokuqala
Lahl, R., Bleischwitz, R., Lahl, U., Zeschmar-Lahl, B. (2025): Iiplastiki ezibolayo zesizukulwana sesithathu – Icebo elincedisayo lokujongana nengxaki yokulahla inkunkuma yaselwandle. I- Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 44, 101925.
Funda kwakhona
Iiplastiki: Iklasi entsha yepolymer inokuguqula uqoqosho lwesetyhula | Pugnalom
North Pacific itshona kwiplastiki | Pugnalom
