Uphononongo lwakutsha nje olukhokelwa vocal umphandi Christian T. Herbst of the University of Vienna kunye noogxa kwiYunivesithi Anglia Ruskin inika ulwazi olutsha kwizakhono vocal of iinkawu World New, iqela zonke iiprimates ezizalelwa eMelika: Ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ukutsiba frequency efana yodeling yabantu, kodwa egubungele uluhlu frequency kakhulu ebanzi.
Ngoxa abantu baye bavelisa ubuchule bokuthetha, izalamane zethu ezisondeleyo kwizilwanyana—iinkawu neenkawu ezinkulu—azinabo obu buchule. Nangona kunjalo, banezakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ze-anatomical kwi-larynx yabo abathi abantu baphulukene nayo ngexesha lokuzivelela: iimbrane ezibhityileyo, ezikhaphukhaphu zethishu ezibekwe kumaphethelo angasentla eefolds zabo zelizwi. Uphando lwangaphambili luye lwabonisa ukuba ezi zinto zinegalelo ekuntsonkotheni kwelizwi lezilwanyana, kodwa eyona ndima yazo ayikacaci—de kube ngoku, xa iqela labaphandi bamazwe ngamazwe liye lawutyhila umsebenzi wazo.
Uphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba ezi membrane zivumela ukutshintsha kwesandi ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo ndlela zandisa kakhulu uluhlu kunye nobunzima bokuvakala kwesandi senkawu. Besebenzisa indibaniselwano yeendlela, kubandakanya ukurekhodwa okungangenisi mandla kwi-vivo, uvavanyo lwe-ex vivo laryngeal, kunye neemodeli zekhompyutha, abaphandi bachonge iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokudlidliza kwesandi . Uhlobo lokuqala, olubandakanya kuphela ukujijeka kwesandi, luvelisa izandi eziphantsi ezifana ne-human fonation. Imo yesibini, ebandakanya iimembrane, ikhokelela ekudlidlizeni kwizandi eziphezulu kakhulu, okukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwesandi esimangalisayo, njengokujijeka komntu. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi ntshukumo zigubungela ngaphezulu kwe-octaves ezintathu—ngaphezulu kakhulu kwamandla omntu, apho utshintsho lwesandi ludla ngokukhawulelwa kwi- octave enye.
"Lo ngumzekelo othakazelisayo wendlela indalo ebonelela ngayo indlela yokuphucula ukubethelwa kwezilwanyana, nangona bengenalo ulwimi. Ukuveliswa kwezi ndlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zezwi kubangelwa ngokukodwa ukuphuhliswa kwe-anatomical ye-larynx yezilwanyana kwaye ayifuni ukulawulwa kwe-neural eyinkimbinkimbi ngengqondo, "kuchaza uChristian T. Herbst, umbhali okhokelayo wokufunda, ukusuka kwi-Institute of the Cognitive Biology kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna.
UJacob D. Dunn weYunivesithi yaseAnglia Ruskin, umbhali ophambili wolu hlolisiso, wongezelela esithi: “Ezi ziphumo zibonisa indlela iinkawu eziyisebenzisa ngayo into entsha yendaleko—ukuqukuqela kwelizwi elizivumelayo ukuba zenze iminxeba emininzi ngakumbi, kuquka ezi ‘zodidi.’ Oku kunokubaluleka ngakumbi kwiiprimates, ezinobomi obuntsonkothileyo bentlalontle kwaye kufuneka zinxibelelane ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. "
Uphononongo lukwacebisa ukuba ngelixa ukugoba kwezwi kwandisa uluhlu lwelizwi, kukhokelela ekungazinzini kwezwi. "Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa ukuba i-vocal folds yandisa uluhlu lwe-ape ye-pitch kodwa iphinda iphazamise ilizwi layo. Basenokuba balahleka ngexesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu ukukhuthaza ukuzinza kwe-pitch ekuculeni nasekuthetheni, "kuchaza uTecumseh Fitch weYunivesithi yaseVienna, ingcali malunga nokuziphendukela kwezwi lomntu kunye nomlobi-mbhali wokufunda. Olu phando, olwenziwe liqela lamazwe ngamazwe lezazinzulu ezivela eOstriya, eGreat Britain, eJapan, eSweden, naseBolivia, linika iimbono ezintsha malunga nokuvela kweendlela zokuvelisa amazwi kunye nendima yazo kunxibelelwano lweeprimate.
Izazinzulu ezibandakanyekayo kwisifundo esivela: kwiSebe le-Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, iYunivesithi yaseVienna, e-Austria; iSebe leZilwanyana kunye neBiology yeNdalo, iFaculty yeSayensi kunye neTekhnoloji, iYunivesithi yase-Anglia Ruskin, iCambridge, UK; iSebe lobuNjineli boomatshini, iYunivesithi yaseRitsumeikan, eJapan; iSikolo seziDanga seNzululwazi yabantu, kwiYunivesithi yaseOsaka, eJapan; iSebe leeNtetho, uMculo kunye nokuMamela, iSikolo soBunjineli boMbane kunye neNzululwazi yeKhompyutha, i-KTH Royal Institute of Technology, iStockholm, eSweden; kunye neLa Senda Verde Wildlife Sanctuary, eBolivia.
Ushicilelo lokuqala
UChristian T. Herbst, u-Isao T. Tokuda, uTakeshi Nishimura, uSten Ternström, uVicky Ossio, uMarcelo Levy, uTecumseh Fitch noJacob C. Dunn. 'Iinyani zeenkawu'—ukutsiba okuphindaphindiweyo kwihlabathi elitsha leenkawu zodlula kakhulu iinguqulelo zelizwi lomntu. KwiiNtengiselwano zePhilosofi zeRoyal Society B 380: 20240005.
I-DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2024.0005
Apha uza kufumana "isampulu ye-yodeling" evela kolu phando. I-yodeling yenziwa yinkawu ye-capuchin emhlophe enomphambili.
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