Izinyoni ezihlala namuhla ezindaweni eziningi zase-Afrika, eLatin America, nase-Asia, ngokwesilinganiso, zincane kakhulu kunezo ezazibusa kulezi zindawo ngawo-1940. Lesi yisiphetho socwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluholwa yi-Institute of Environmental Science and Technology e-Autonomous University of Barcelona (ICTA-UAB). Ngokusekelwe enkumbulweni ehlangene yezemvelo yabantu bomdabu abayishumi kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni, lolu cwaningo lubika ukwehla kwesisindo somzimba esijwayelekile sezinhlobo zezinyoni ezibonwayo ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-72 phakathi kuka-1940 no-2020.
Ucwaningo oluhlelwe emhlabeni wonke luhlanganise abantu abadala abayi-1.434 abavela emiphakathini eyishumi ehlala ezweni emazwekazini amathathu. Kwahlaziywa izinyoni eziyi-6.914 ezihlukile zezinhlobo ezingu-283. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ezibonwe ngabahlanganyeli ngesikhathi sobuntwana babo ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezibikwa njengamanje ezindaweni zabo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwembula iphethini ehambisanayo: Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinkulu ziyanyamalala ezindaweni zokuhlala zasendaweni futhi zithathelwa indawo yizinhlobo ezincane. Ngenkathi isisindo somzimba esimaphakathi sezinhlobo ezibikiwe sasingaphezu kwamagremu angu-1.500 ngawo-1940, sasingamagremu angu-535 kuphela ngawo-2020 - ukwehla okulinganiselwe ngokwezibalo cishe ngamaphesenti angu-72 eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili.
U-Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, umcwaningi omkhulu kwa-ICTA-UAB kanye nombhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, uthi lolu shintsho lubangelwa yizinqubo zokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezinkulu zasendaweni - ezisengozini enkulu yokuzingela, ukulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda - kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu zomphakathi ezishintshe ubudlelwano bemiphakathi nemvelo yendawo.
Ucwaningo lugcizelela ukuthi inkinga yezinyoni yomhlaba wonke, ebhalwe kabanzi kumasethi edatha esayensi, ikhona futhi enkumbulweni ehlangene yemiphakathi enokuxhumana kwesikhathi eside, okusekelwe endaweni endaweni yayo. UFernández-Llamazares ukhuthaza ingxoxo ehloniphekile nelinganayo phakathi kolwazi lwesayensi nolwazi lwabantu bomdabu ukuze kuqiniswe izinqubomgomo zokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemizamo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Ukulahlekelwa yizinyoni ezinkulu akugcini nje ngokuba nemiphumela yemvelo—izinhlobo eziningi zidlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni zemvelo—kodwa futhi nakwezamasiko: lezi zinhlobo ziyingxenye yobunikazi, inkumbulo, kanye nemikhuba yendabuko yemiphakathi eminingi emhlabeni jikelele. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo azibhalwanga kuphela kumasethi edatha esayensi kodwa futhi nasekuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kwabantu kuzo zonke izizukulwane.
Ukuhlolwa kwenhloso
Lolu cwaningo luyinto entsha ngokwendlela futhi luwusizo ngoba lulokuqala ukusebenzisa ngokuhlelekile ulwazi lwendawo nolwendawo ("inkumbulo yezemvelo ehlangene") ngezinga elikhulu ukuze kulinganiswe izinguquko zesikhathi eside zezinto eziphilayo. Izinga eliphakeme lokuvumelana phakathi kwezindlela ezibikiwe emazwekazini amathathu kanye nemiphakathi eyishumi ezimele liqinisa ukwethembeka kokutholakele futhi lihambisana namasethi edatha esayensi avamile (isib., kusukela ezinhlelweni zokuqapha noma emaqoqweni emyuziyamu) ngombono wesikhathi eside, oqondene nendawo.
Qinisa:
- Usayizi omkhulu wesampula (abahlanganyeli abangu-1.434, imibiko engu-6.914, izinhlobo ezingu-283) kanye nokusabalala kwamanye amazwekazi.
- Amamodeli ezibalo kanye nokuqhathaniswa kokubonwa kobuntwana nokubonwa kwamanje kunciphisa ukubandlulula kokukhumbula futhi kuvumela ukubalwa komkhuba.
- Ukwehla okubhaliwe okungu-~72% kwesisindo somzimba kuyathusa futhi kuhambisana namaphethini aziwayo: izinhlobo ezinemizimba emikhulu zisengozini kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele (IUCN Red List, BirdLife International).
- Ukufakwa kwemibono yabantu bomdabu kanye neyendawo kukhombisa ushintsho lwamanje ocwaningweni lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (i-IPBES, i-CBD) futhi kungacebisa inqubomgomo kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Amaphuzu abalulekile kanye nemikhawulo:
- Idatha isekelwe ngokuphelele emibikweni yokubuka emuva (izinkumbulo zobuntwana vs. zanamuhla) - ukuqonda komuntu siqu, izinguquko zamasiko ekubhekaneni nezinyoni kanye nemikhuba yokubuka eguquliwe kungaphambukisa ukuqonda.
- Akukho ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele ngokusebenzisa amasethi edatha alinganayo (isb., ukuqapha kwesikhathi eside, amaphrojekthi esayensi yezakhamuzi njenge-eBird) okwenziwe. Ngakho-ke, inani elingu-72% kufanele liqondwe njengokulinganisa okusekelwe kudatha yokuqonda, hhayi njengokulinganisa okuqondile.
- Izinto ezingaba yiziphazamiso: Izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba, emikhubeni yokuzingela, ukuthuthela emadolobheni, noma ukufinyeleleka okushintshiwe kwezindawo zokuhlala kungathinta indlela abantu ababona ngayo izinto ngaphezu kokwakheka kwezinhlobo zangempela.
- Ucwaningo lugxile ekuboneni kunokuba lugxile ezindleleni ezibangela - ukuxhumana okucatshangwayo phakathi kokuguqulwa komphakathi kanye nokunyamalala kwezinhlobo ezinkulu kusalokhu kuyizinto eziqagelayo.
- Ukujwayelana: Imiphumela isebenza emiphakathini eyishumi efundwe kanye nezindawo zayo - ukuhlaziywa komhlaba wonke bekungeke kwamukeleke.
Ekuphetheni, lo msebenzi uwumnikelo obalulekile ekuhlanganiseni ulwazi lwendabuko ocwaningweni lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ugcizelela ukwehla okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezinkulu ngokombono owawunganakwa ngaphambili. Imiphumela iyesabisa futhi inengqondo, kodwa kufanele ihunyushwe njengokuqinisekiswa kwemikhuba yekhwalithi kunokuba kube ukulinganisa okunembile kwenani. Ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe ngokuhlanganiswa nedatha yezinsimbi (isb., ukuzwa kude, ukubonwa kwesikhathi eside) kungaba yinto efiselekayo ukwenza okutholakele kube namandla kakhulu nokuthola izinyathelo zokulondolozwa eziqondile.
Amakhredithi ezithombe Joan de la Malla Grus grus
