Imithi yethu eminingi ebaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ama-antibiotic, ikhona ngenxa yezinto ezikhiqizwa amabhaktheriya emvelweni. Lawa ma-bacteria asebenzisa la ma-molecule njengezikhali zamakhemikhali ngokumelene nabancintisani noma ukubopha izakhamzimba endaweni yawo. Ucwaningo olusha lwembula ubukhulu baleli bhokisi lamathuluzi lamagciwane, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zemvelo eziyinselele. Ithimba locwaningo elivela kwi-Cluster of Excellence "Balance of the Microverse" eNyuvesi yaseJena, i-Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, iNyuvesi yaseDelaware, kanye ne-German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) uHalle-Jena-Leipzig uhlole i-genome yamabhaktheriya e-peatland ngokuningiliziwe.
Ukuze bahlaziye, abacwaningi bahlole amasampula e-peat avela echibini laseSchlöppnerbrunnen ezintabeni zaseFichtel eBavaria. Besebenzisa ukulandelana okuphezulu kanye ne-metagenomics, bahlaziya i-genome yomphakathi wamagciwane wendawo futhi bathola cishe amaqoqo ezakhi zofuzo abizwa ngokuthi yi-biosynthetic gene - izingxenye ze-DNA eziqukethe imiyalelo yokwakha amakhemikhali asebenzayo ngokwezinto eziphilayo. Ngisho nangemva kokuba ithimba selihlunge izingcezu zezakhi zofuzo ezingaphelele, kwasala amaqoqo ezakhi zofuzo angaphezu kuka-8.000 athembekile. Okutholakele okumangazayo: cishe amaphesenti angama-97 awakwazanga ukunikezwa kunoma yimuphi umndeni weqoqo lezakhi zofuzo owaziwa ngaphambilini kuma-database omhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke amelela indawo ye-biochemical engakahlelwanga kahle. "Ngisho nechibi elincane ligcina ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwemiklamo yemikhiqizo yemvelo. Iningi livela kuma-microorganisms obekunzima ukuwafunda elabhorethri kuze kube manje," kuchaza umlobi oholayo uZander Human wase-University of Jena.
Ipulani ku-DNA yebhaktheriya ayisho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi into ehambisanayo ikhiqizwa emvelweni. Ngakho-ke ithimba laya phambili futhi lahlaziya i-RNA yesithunywa esilinganisiwe ukuze lihlole ukuthi yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezazisebenza ngempela edakeni. Umphumela uguqula izinkolelo-mbono zangaphambilini: cishe amaphesenti ayi-9 kuya kwangu-27 kuphela amaqoqo ezakhi zofuzo ahlolwe ayesebenza endaweni yawo yemvelo. Amanye amaqembu amagciwane anamandla aphezulu ezakhi zofuzo—amanye anezinhlelo ezingaphezu kuka-20 ezihlukene kuma-genome awo—ahlala engasebenzi kakhulu edakeni. Esikhundleni salokho, amabhaktheriya aziwa ngokuthi i-Acidobacteriota abonakala esebenza kakhulu. Nakuba imidwebo yawo yezakhi zofuzo yayincane kakhulu, ayebalelwa cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezibonakaliso ezilinganisiwe ezivela kuma-genome omkhiqizo wemvelo. Idatha iphinde yembula iphethini ecacile: umsebenzi walezi zakhi zofuzo ku-Acidobacteriota wawuphezulu kakhulu lapho izakhi zofuzo zama-enzyme abhubhisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezitshalo nawo ayesebenza. Ngakho-ke ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo kula mabhaktheriya kubonakala sengathi kuhlobene eduze nokumuncwa kwezakhi zofuzo. “Inani lezinhlelo zofuzo zodwa lisitshela okuncane ngalokho okwenziwa yi-microorganism endaweni yayo. Sidinga futhi ukuqonda izimo lapho isebenza khona la ma-gene,” kugcizelela umlobi ohlangene uDkt. Carl-Eric Wegner waseYunivesithi yaseJena naseDüsseldorf.
Imiphumela ihambisana kahle nokugxila kocwaningo lwe-Cluster of Excellence "Balance of the Microverse," ehlola indlela imiphakathi yamagciwane esebenzisana futhi igcina ngayo ibhalansi ezindaweni zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. "Izindawo ezinde ziyizindawo zokuhlala eziguquguqukayo ezinezimo zemvelo ezinde, isibonelo, okuqukethwe yi-oxygen kanye nokutholakala kwezakhamzimba. Ucwaningo lwethu lubonisa ngokusobala ukuthi i-biosynthesis yomkhiqizo wemvelo ayenzeki yodwa, kodwa ihlanganiswe eduze nendima yamagciwane emijikelezweni ye-biogeochemical yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi," kuchaza uSolwazi uDkt. Kirsten Küsel, umbhali ohlangene walolu cwaningo kanye nomkhulumeli we-Cluster of Excellence.
Lolu cwaningo lunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokusesha imithi yesikhathi esizayo: akwanele ukugxila kuphela kuma-genome anenani elikhulu kakhulu lamapulani ezakhi zofuzo. Isici esibalulekile umongo wemvelo lapho ama-microorganisms empeleni esebenzisa khona amathuluzi awo ezakhi zofuzo. Ngakho-ke amaqembu ayenganakwa ngaphambili njenge-Acidobacteriota angena ngokushesha ekugxilweni kocwaningo lwemikhiqizo yemvelo. Ucwaningo lwemikhiqizo yemvelo luvame ukugxila kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezakhi zofuzo zamaqembu amabhaktheriya aziwayo njenge-actinobacteria kanye ne-pseudomonads, anemitapo yolwazi eminingi yezakhi zofuzo ze-biosynthetic. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa, laba bakhiqizi abathi banethalente bangahlala bethule kakhulu endaweni yabo yemvelo. Ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo, lokhu kusho ukucabanga kabusha: ukuze kusebenze amaqoqo ezakhi zofuzo athule elabhorethri, abacwaningi esikhathini esizayo kuzodingeka balingise ngqo izinto ezithinta imvelo ezivela endaweni yemvelo yezinto eziphilayo - isibonelo, ngokunikeza imicu yezitshalo eyinkimbinkimbi noma izibonakaliso ezithile zezakhi. Ngisho namaqembu ayenganakwa ngaphambilini okunzima ukuwahlakulela elabhorethri, njenge-Acidobacteriota, manje aseqala ukugxila. Uphenyo lwabo oluhlelekile lungavula ukufinyelela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zama-molecule futhi lunikeze izindlela ezintsha ekulweni nokumelana namagciwane noma izifo ezingathi sína zokuvuvukala esikhathini esizayo.
Ukushicilelwa kwangempela:
Human, ZR, Hoover, R., Chan, C., Küsel, K. & Wegner, C.-E. (2026). Ukuhlukahluka okuphezulu kodwa ukubonakaliswa okulinganiselwe kwamaqoqo ezakhi zofuzo ze-biosynthetic emphakathini we-peatland microbial. Nature Communications, 17, 10529. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78121-8
