Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, amazwe angamalungu e-UN elwela ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni somhlaba wonke mayelana nepulasitiki. Izingxoxo zizoqhubeka eGeneva ngo-Agasti. Umgomo yisivumelwano esinezinyathelo ezibophayo emhlabeni wonke ngokumelene nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki emhlabeni jikelele . Abacwaningi eLeibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) manje sebehlole amasu akhona futhi baphakamisa izindlela ezihambisanayo zokubhekana kangcono nenkinga yemfucuza yepulasitiki olwandle esikhathini esizayo.
Bathembele kumapulasitiki amasha, abolayo angaboli “esizukulwane sesithathu,” azothuthukiswa ngokusekelwe kumqondo we-EU othi “Safe and Sustainable by Design” (SSbD).
Ngo-2022, kwakhiqizwa amathani ayizigidi ezingu-400 epulasitiki emhlabeni wonke, amaphesenti amathathu kuya kwayisihlanu awo aphelela emvelweni . Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuba nomthelela omubi kakhulu ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle nezasemhlabeni kanye nezakhamuzi zazo, kodwa futhi kuthinta kakhulu ezokuvakasha, ukudoba, kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu . Abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezimbili abaxhumene nohlelo olusebenzayo lokulahla imfucuza , abaningi babo abahlala emazweni ashisayo.
Imfucumfucu yepulasitiki iphikelela endaweni ezungezile amashumi eminyaka noma ngaphezulu. Lapho, ayiwohloki nge-biodegrade kodwa ihlukana ibe ama-microplastics noma ama-nanoplastics, okunemiphumela emibi, ikakhulukazi ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle. Imfucumfucu yasolwandle isiphenduke enye yezinselelo ezinkulu zomhlaba emashumini eminyaka amuva nje; okuhlosiwe (SDG 14.1) kwe-UN Sustainable Development Goal 14 ("Impilo Ngaphansi Kwamanzi") ikhuthaza ukuncishiswa okukhulu ngo-2025.
Kodwa kuze kube manje, akupheli emehlweni ukulahla udoti. Ngisho nangesinyathelo esisheshayo nesibumbene sokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa, amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-2040 emfucumfucu yepulasitiki azongena ezindaweni eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni ngo-700.
Usosayensi wezemvelo uRebecca Lahl kanye nomcwaningi wokusimama uRaimund Bleischwitz we-ZMT bahlole izindlela ezehlukene zokulwa nodoti wepulasitiki olwandle. Ekushicileleni kwabo, bahlaziya izinzuzo nezingozi zamathuluzi akhona. Bagxila emicabangweni yokulawulwa kwemfucuza emoyeni womnotho oyindilinga osimeme, kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe, njengezixhumi zepulasitiki ezikhipha imfucuza olwandle, futhi zifuna umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kubakhiqizi, kanye nokukhetha ukuqhubeka kwemikhankaso yokuqwashisa ukushintsha ukuziphatha kwabathengi.
"Lezi zinyathelo kumele ziqhubeke nokusetshenziswa futhi zandiswe, kodwa azanele ukubhekana nenkinga yepulasitiki," kusho uRebecca Lahl, umbhali oholayo wocwaningo. "Isixazululo sethu esihlongozwayo siqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi - okungukuthi, ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali nezinto ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki." Njengesu elihambisanayo, abacwaningi be-ZMT ngakho-ke bahlongoza ukwakha amapulasitiki angaboli ngokuzayo ngokusekelwe kumqondo waseYurophu 'we-Safe and Sustainable by Design' (SSbD).
Ngale ndlela, iKhomishini yaseYurophu, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-'Green Deal' olwamukelwe ngo-2019, ihlose ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali, izinto zokwakha, kanye nemikhiqizo lapho ukuphepha nokusimama kubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo yabo. Isixazululo esinjalo siyadingeka kakhulu kumapulasitiki, angena ngokubikezela nangokungenakugwenywa futhi angahlala lapho amakhulu eminyaka ( amapulasitiki 'ahlala njalo' ). Abacwaningi be-ZMT bafuna ukushintshwa kwamakhemikhali epulasitiki angaphephile, angazinzile, futhi angabalulekile, ama-polymer, kanye nemikhiqizo ngemikhiqizo yezimboni ekhona.
I-'Safe and Sustainable by Design' (SSbD), isibonelo, ifaka ukwakhiwa kwamapulasitiki ukuze, uma eseyifezile injongo yawo, abola abe izingxenye ezingenabungozi endaweni ezungezile noma kubantu, noma ezilungele ukusetshenziswa kabusha, ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza, ukuhlungwa, nokugaywa kabusha/ukwenziwa kabusha. "Amapulasitiki abolayo ngokwemibandela ye-SSbD anikeza amathuba amasha futhi angaba isu elengeziwe lokubhekana nodoti wepulasitiki olwandle, kodwa nasemhlabeni," kusho uRebecca Lahl.
Umbhali-mbhali uRaimund Bleischwitz, uchwepheshe wezomnotho oyindilinga kwa-ZMT kanye noProfessor we-Global Sustainable Resources eNyuvesi yaseBremen, uyanezela: "Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala izinto ezintsha eziphephile ngokwemvelo empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhuthazwa ukusimama kwesikhathi eside kwemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nezenhlalakahle." Abacwaningi be-ZMT babhekisela ezintweni ezakhiwe ngokusekelwe ku-'SSbD' "njengamapulasitiki abolayo esizukulwane sesithathu."
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, imboni yayigxile ekuwohlokeni kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa le ndlela yokuqala yehluleka. "Iphutha elikhulu lomqondo ngaleso sikhathi lalinamathele kuma-polymers wepulasitiki 'yaphakade'. Futhi-ke balethwa emakethe ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa okwanele ngokuhlolwa kokuwohloka, futhi bathengiswa njengesixazululo senkinga yepulasitiki, "kuchaza uRaimund Bleischwitz.
Ngawo-1990, ukugxila kwashintshela kumapholymer emvelo. "Imvelo isebenze njengogqozi kulesi 'sizukulwane sesibili' semikhiqizo yepulasitiki ebolayo," kuchaza uRebecca Lahl. "Ama-polymers ajwayelekile atholakala emvelweni angamaprotheni, ama-polysaccharides, i-lignin, nenjoloba yemvelo, okuthi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ihlale amashumi eminyaka bese ibola ibe yizingqimba zokwakha zemvelo ezingenabungozi njengoshukela."
Amapulasitiki "esizukulwane sesibili" abolayo njengamanje athatha cishe amaphesenti angu-0,5 kuphela amapulasitiki emakethe yomhlaba. Nakuba ochwepheshe be-ZMT bewabheka kusengaphambili uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki “aphakade” abanduleli bawo, umsebenzi owengeziwe wokuthuthukisa uyadingeka lapha kanye nokwenza amapulasitiki azinze ngokwanele ngesikhathi esetshenziswa futhi acekeleke phansi endaweni (yasolwandle) ngesikhathi esifushane ngokwanele.
Ngendlela 'Ephephile futhi Eqhubekayo Ngokuklama', isizukulwane sesithathu samapulasitiki abolayo manje sesinganikeza ithemba ekulweni nodoti wepulasitiki, kusho abacwaningi be-ZMT. "Lawa mapulasitiki awakabi khona, kodwa uma izishayamthetho zaseYurophu zidinga ukonakala okuchaziwe kwamapulasitiki afana nama-microplastics noma amafilimu okupakisha, amapulasitiki kumele athuthukiswe ukuze afinyelele lo mgomo," kuphikisa uRebecca Lahl. "Kulo mbono, ama-molecule e-polymer ngeke esakwazi ukuzinza unomphela, kodwa azowohloka ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, izindinganiso zokuphepha eziphakeme kakhulu kufanele zisebenze kumapulasitiki awonakele, kuhlanganise nezithasiselo."
Ngokukhethekile, ochwepheshe be-ZMT bahlongoza ukusebenzisa amapulasitiki angaboli athuthukiswe ngokomgomo we-SSbD ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni engena endaweni (ulwandle noma inhlabathi). Bakholelwa ukuthi amapulasitiki alandelayo kufanele afakwe emizamweni yokuqamba izinto ezintsha mayelana ne-biodegradability:
1. wonke ama-microplastic angase aqhubeke esetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ethengwayo njengama-ejenti okuhlanza, usawoti wokukhuhla noma izimonyo nemikhiqizo yokunakekela (isb. umuthi wokuxubha)
2. Amaplastiki amancane asetshenziswa kumapende, amavanisha, ama-coatings nama-sealant emkhakheni wezokwakha futhi angaphansi kwesimo sezulu esishubile.
3. Imikhiqizo yerabha ekhishelwa endaweni ezungezile njengama-microplastic ngokwezinga elifanele ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa
4. Izinto zepulasitiki noma izindwangu ezingaphansi kokuhuzuka okukhulu ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa (izindwangu zokuhlanza, izipontshi, izindwangu zokomisa, amanikiniki okuhlanza, njll.)
5. imikhiqizo yepulasitiki yezolimo efana nokupakishwa kwembewu nomanyolo, amafilimu amancane emboza ngabomu, imbewu yezitshalo, amashubhu okuvikela izihlahla angasuswanga emhlabathini.
6. Amanethi okudoba (ikakhulukazi amanethi) neminye imikhiqizo yepulasitiki esetshenziselwa ukudoba
7.Izingubo zokugqoka ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emanzini (isb., amacansi, onogada be-splash, izingubo zokubhukuda, njll.)
8. izingxenye ezincane zepulasitiki ezifana neziqhumane zeziqhumane
9. amaphakheji okudla akhethiwe ahambisana nevolumu
10. ezinye izinto ezilahlwayo (isb. izinqamu zikagwayi)
Izimfuno zabacwaningi be-ZMT zingase zizwakale zingajwayelekile noma zihlabahlosile, njengoba zingabizi nje kuphela ukushintsha kwe-paradigm ekukhiqizweni kwepulasitiki, kodwa futhi "nokuqamba okusha okuphazamisayo ochungechungeni olusanda kuvela." Ingabe indlela yabo mhlawumbe ingawuphula umthetho omusha?
U-Raimund Bleischwitz uthi: "Kunezibonelo eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezingeni le-EU, lapho izinto ezintsha zaqala ukubangelwa izindinganiso zokufuna ukuvelela. Esikhathini esidlule, isibonelo, imingcele yokukhishwa kwezinto yayibekwe ezimbonini zezimboni noma izimoto, lapho ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo buthuthukiswa khona kuphela."
U-Rebecca Lahl uyavuma: "Noma ubani ohlaziya intuthuko kumapulasitiki avamile uzoqaphela ukuthi umklamo womkhiqizo uye waba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe futhi wathuthukiswa emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ifilimu elula yokupakisha inyama noma ushizi namuhla iqukethe izendlalelo eziningana ezihlukene eziguqula le filimu ibe umkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Sisebenzisa leli thuba lokuklama okusha."
Ukushicilelwa kwangempela
Lahl, R., Bleischwitz, R., Lahl, U., Zeschmar-Lahl, B. (2025): Amapulasitiki abola esizukulwane sesithathu – Isu elihambisanayo lokubhekana nenkinga yodoti wasolwandle. I- Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 44, 101925.
Funda futhi
Ipulasitiki: Isigaba esisha se-polymer singaguqula umnotho oyindilinga | I-Pugnalom
INorth Pacific icwila epulasitiki | I-Pugnalom
