Umoya, amandla elanga, kanye ne-geothermal, yonke imboni yezokuthutha eluhlaza, kanye nezimboni eziningi ezisuka ekuthembeleni kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi - zonke zinesifiso esikhulu sokudla amaminerali nezinsimbi. Lokhu kudala inselelo yokuthi imboni yezimayini nayo isimeme. UMichael Tost, iNhloko kaSihlalo Wezobunjiniyela Bezimayini, Ubuchwepheshe Bezimayini, kanye Nezomnotho Zezimayini e-Montanuniversität Leoben, unikeza imininingwane ngezindaba ezisebenzayo zempumelelo yezimayini ezisimeme eYurophu futhi uchaza ukuthi uguquko lungaphumelela kuphela uma ucwaningo, imboni, kanye nomphakathi kuhlangana ndawonye.
Ubuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo manje buthuthuka kuzo zonke izimboni: Isivumelwano Esiluhlaza se-EU, esihlela ukushintshela emnothweni wesimanje, osebenzisa izinsiza kahle, noncintisanayo, sihlose ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okungenani ngamaphesenti angama-55 ngo-2030 uma kuqhathaniswa no-1990 - ngenhloso yokufeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu ngo-2050 nokunciphisa kakhulu imiphumela yemvelo eyenziwe ngabantu - igama elingukhiye: umnotho ojikelezayo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuqhubeke nokusebenzisa amandla omoya, ilanga, kanye ne-geothermal ngenzuzo, kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla, futhi kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo ukuhamba okuluhlaza emigwaqweni nasezitimeleni, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzodingeka amathani angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezintathu amaminerali nezinsimbi esikhathini esizayo. Ikakhulukazi, isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zamaminerali ezifana ne-graphite, i-lithium, ne-cobalt singakhuphuka ngamaphesenti angama-500 ngo-2050, ngokusho kwezibikezelo ze-World Bank Group.
Uguquko kwezezimayini lubandakanya bonke ababambiqhaza
"Lokhu kuveza imboni yezimayini nezinselelo ezinkulu. Esimeni soguquko lwamandla, lapho sizama ukuzikhulula ekuthembeleni emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ezifana nowoyela negesi, izimayini ezisimeme ziyaqala ukusebenza. Lolu hlobo lwezimayini manje sekumele luhlelwe kabusha ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yemithelela yalo yangaphambilini yezemvelo, "kuchaza uMichael Tost, iNhloko kaSihlalo Wezobunjiniyela Bezimayini, i-Econtanobenic Technology kanye ne-Econtanoben Technology. "Kodwa-ke, ukukhathazeka okuphakathi kwe-EU kokuqinisekisa ukumbiwa okusimeme kwemithombo yezimbiwa nakho kumelela ithuba elikhulu kithi kwezobunjiniyela bezimayini," kusho u-Tost.
Nokho, lokhu kudinga abathintekayo kulo lonke i-EU ukuba bahlangane - kusukela kwezemfundo kanye nezimboni kuya emphakathini kanye nezombusazwe. UMthetho Wezinto Ezingavuthiwe Ezibalulekile, umthetho wezinto ezingavuthiwe we-EU, uthi amaphesenti ayishumi ezinto ezingavuthiwe ezibalulekile kufanele akhishwe eYurophu uqobo. "Lokho akuzwakali njengokuningi, kodwa okwamanje siku-zero amaphesenti kwezinye izindawo. Isibonelo, i-lithium okwamanje imbiwa ngezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu eYurophu. Uma sifuna ukuhlala sincintisana emhlabeni wonke ekufinyeleleni izinsiza, sidinga izixazululo ezifinyelela kude ezithinta lonke iYurophu," kugcizelela uTost, egcizelela ukuphuthuma. Ngakho-ke, ngoNovemba 2020, iphrojekthi ye-Horizon 2020 exhaswe yi-EU i-SUMEX (Sustainable Management in Extractive Industries) yasungulwa ngaphansi kobuholi beNyuvesi yaseLeoben. Ngaphakathi kwalo msebenzi, kwasungulwa uhlaka oluphelele lokuzinza kwemboni yonke yezinto ezingavuthiwe zaseYurophu - nabameleli abavela kuwo wonke amaqembu abathintekayo: "I-SUMEX yahlanganisa izibonelo ezingaphezu kuka-370 'zomkhuba omuhle' zokuzinza ezimbonini zokumbiwa zaseYurophu kusizindalwazi esifinyeleleka emphakathini." Lezi yizinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezinciphisa umthelela wemisebenzi yezimayini. Imithethonqubo yezomthetho edingekayo yokusebenzisa la maphrojekthi nayo yahlolwa - njengokuthobela imithetho ekhona, ukusetshenziswa okunesibopho kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokuphathwa okusimeme,” kuchaza uMichael Tost, umxhumanisi we-SUMEX, echaza iphrojekthi ephelele.
I-SUMEX ibhekane nezilinganiso zokusimama "kokusimama kwemvelo," "isibopho senhlalo nenhlalo," kanye "nokuguqulwa komnotho": "Ukusimama kwemvelo kudlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni oyindilinga. Ngamafuphi, izimayini zimayelana nokumosha izinto ngokuphumelelayo kunangaphambili. Enye indlela yokufeza lokhu ngokuvuselela kabusha," kusho u-Tost. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lukhombisa ukuthi phakathi kwamaphesenti angama-40 nangama-75 ezinsimbi eziningi eYurophu zingatholwa ngezindlela zokugaywa kabusha - inqobo nje uma i-Europe itshala ezindleleni ezithuthukisiwe zokugaywa kabusha. "Noma kunjalo, imboni yezimayini, noma kunalokho umkhakha wezinto zokusetshenziswa, ubhekene nenselele enkulu yokukhipha i-aluminium engamaphesenti angu-30 ngaphezu kwamanje embiwa e-Europe, kanye nethusi elingamaphesenti angu-35 ngaphezulu, insimbi ye-silicon engamaphesenti angu-45, kanye ne-nickel engu-100 ngaphezulu - kanye nokuhlangabezana nokunyuka kwamaphesenti angu-330 kwesidingo se-cobalt." "Ukuze kuvinjwe izingqinamba ezibalulekile zokuhlinzekwa kwezinsimbi ezimbiwa nezicolisisiwe ezibikezelwe iminyaka engu-15 ezayo, imiqondo efana nethi "Circular Design" kufanele icatshangelwe kusenesikhathi," kusho u-Tost. Insika ye-SUMEX ethi "Ecological Sustainability" iphinde icabangele imithelela enamandla yezimayini endaweni kanye nezolimo kanye nekhwalithi yezemvelo - engasukela ekuhloleni kuya ekusetshenzisweni okulandelayo kanye nezindawo zangemuva kokumbiwa. "Ngaphakathi kwenkulumo mayelana nokusimama kwemvelo, sibhekana nemingcele yeplanethi - imingcele ye-biophysical okuthi ukwedlula kwayo kubangele ukuchithwa kwebhalansi yemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba wonke - igama elingukhiye lezinto eziphilayo. Kumayelana nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-CO2 ku-zero kwezinye izimo, futhi ukubuka izindikimba zamanzi njengemithombo yamanzi ebalulekile futhi ugweme ukunaka izinga lamanzi futhi ugweme ukunaka.
"Izimayini zinomthwalo wemfanelo hhayi kuphela emvelweni, kodwa futhi ezindabeni zomphakathi nezenhlalo - insika yesibili yephrojekthi ye-EU SUMEX," kugcizelela umcwaningi. Kugxilwe ekubandakanyekeni okukhulu kwenani labantu bendawo nokusebenzisana nababambiqhaza, njengokugxila enhlalakahleni yabasebenzi ngokukhokhelwa okufanelekile, ukufunda impilo yonke, kanye nezinyathelo zempilo nokuphepha ezifana nesiko lokungalimazi. UMichael Tost unikeza isibonelo: "Kuphrojekthi ye-IlluMINEation, iphrojekthi ye-Horizon 2020 enesabelomali esiphelele sama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-8,9, thina njengabaxhumanisi bephrojekthi okwamanje sakha i-digital rock bolt ukuqapha ukuqina kwamadwala. Lokhu kungase kube okufanelekile, isibonelo, indawo yezimayini evulekile izinsuku ezimbalwa noma ubuningi bamasonto ambalwa bese iphinde iguqulwe isayithi, ngakho-ke i-minifips, noma i-minifips, iphinde ibuyele endaweni elandelayo. inkundla yezimayini kumele iqashwe kusukela ekuhleleni kuze kube ngemva kokumbiwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iphephile futhi izinzile - ikakhulukazi kubavukuzi abasebenza lapho," kusho u-Tost, oqhubeka: "Lapho izimayini zijula, kuyanda ukungezwani.
Imisebenzi yezimayini idala ukuthi i-rock mass ibhekane nokulingana kwengcindezi, okuholela ekutheni amandla ezingcindezi ezakhelwe asatshalaliswe kabusha noma akhululwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekuqhumeni kwamatshe (ukuzamazama komhlaba), ukuwa, noma ukuwa kwamadwala, nokulahlekelwa kwemishini, futhi okubi nakakhulu, ukuphila. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwemayini, kufakwa izinhlelo ezehlukene zokusekela. Okunye kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi ama-rock bolt: Njengokufaka isikulufu odongeni nokulenga isithombe esisindayo, i-rock bolt ingakwazi ukumunca imithwalo emikhulu ngenxa yokuqina kwayo komshini, njengoba ukucindezeleka kanye nesisindo, isibonelo, usilingi wamadwala noma izindonga eziseceleni kusatshalaliswa ngokuphumelelayo. Izikhonkwane zethu zedijithali zifakwe i-GPS nezinzwa ezisuselwe ohlotsheni olusha lukayinki wokuqhuba futhi zihlanganiswe ohlelweni lokuphatha imayini yedijithali. Idatha elinganiselwe yengcindezi ye-geotechnical kanye nezilinganiso ezihambisana nemvelo zicutshungulwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlaziya idatha eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa futhi idluliselwe konjiniyela ngesikhathi sangempela yisilawuli senzwa. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zibe ngcono futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, zilinganise ngokuqhubekayo umthamo wokunwetshwa kanjalo nokuzinza nokuphepha kwemayini. Lokhu kusiza ngosayizi wemayini kanye nokuhlela indlela yezimayini eyonga kakhulu izinsiza. Uma i-voltage ishintsha kakhulu, i-anchor yedijithali ikhala i-alamu - futhi indawo yezimayini ingakhishwa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke noma yini," umcwaningi uchaza isimiso sokusebenza.
Insika yesithathu neyokugcina ye-SUMEX, ngokuhambisana ne-Green Deal, ihlose ukuguqula umnotho we-EU ube umnotho ovumelana nemvelo, oyindilinga, futhi obandakanyayo. "Imboni yokukhipha idlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu. Isici esibalulekile imijikelezo yempahla eluhlaza evaliwe enento enhle kakhulu, ukuncipha kokufaka izinto ezibonakalayo, nokuvuselelwa kabusha okuthuthukisiwe," kuchaza u-Tost. Ngokomcwaningi, okokufaka kwempahla kufanele kuvele kakhulu emithonjeni yesibili futhi kunganciki ekuthengisweni kwempahla eluhlaza. Imijikelezo eyahlukahlukene efana nokwabelana, ukunwetshwa, ukucutshungulwa kabusha, nokugaywa kabusha izoba ngobaluleke kakhulu, ngoba "umnotho oyindilinga uzothonya umkhakha wezinto ezingavuthiwe ngaphezu kokugaywa kabusha," kusho u-Tost, wengeza ngokuthi "ngomuso, izinkampani zizoba nesibopho ngemikhiqizo yazo kanye nemithelela yazo emvelweni ngaphandle kokuthengisa kwazo." UMichael Tost unethemba: "Sesingabona kakade ukuthi izinkampani ezinkulu zezimayini zibonile ukubaluleka kwenguquko."
Funda futhi
Umhlaba ongavamile: izinyathelo zokuqala eziqondile eziya emnothweni oyindilinga | I-Pugnalom
