Ingcindezi iyanda kwi-International Seabed Authority (ISA) ukuthi yamukele imithethonqubo yokumba izimayini olwandle olujulile. Ngenkathi amanye amazwe angamalungu e-ISA enethemba lokuqala okusheshayo, inani elikhulayo lamazwe licela isikhathi esengeziwe sokucwaninga ngemiphumela yezemvelo yokukhishwa kwezinsizakusebenza nokuthuthukisa uhlaka lokulawula olufanele. Ukuhlehliswa okunjalo kungahlelwa kanjani ngokomthetho, futhi kungaba namiphi imiphumela yezepolitiki? Ithimba labacwaningi eliholwa nguPradeep Singh ovela kwi-Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) lihlaziya lokhu kumagazini i-"Ocean Development & International Law."
Inani elikhulu lamazwe angamalungu e-ISA angu-169 licele ukuthi kumiswe okwesikhashana noma kumiswe ukumba olwandle olujulile . Cishe amaningi aphoqelekile ukwenza kanjalo lapho isizwe sasesiqhingini saseNauru siqala isivumelwano ngo-2021 esaziwa ngokuthi "umthetho weminyaka emibili." Lesi simiso sibopha i-ISA ukuthi ithuthukise futhi yamukele imithethonqubo yokumba olwandle olujulile zingakapheli iminyaka emibili. Kodwa-ke, le nhlangano yehlulekile ukukhipha imithethonqubo ngaphambi kosuku lokugcina. Izifundazwe eziningi kanye nababukeli bakhathazekile ngokuthi izicelo zokukhishwa kwezinsiza manje zingathunyelwa ngaphandle kohlaka lokulawula olukhona.
Njengoba imibuzo evulekile isadinga ukuxoxwa kabanzi, kudingeka izinyathelo zomthetho ezifanele ukuze kubambezeleke ukukhishelwa kwezinsiza. Ukukhathazeka ngezemvelo kuphambili ezicelweni zokumiswa noma ukumiswa kokuqapha ekumbeni olwandle olujulile, kodwa kunezinye izikhala ezidinga ukuvalwa ngaphambi kokuba imisebenzi yokumba ilawulwe kahle, ihlolwe, futhi igunyazwe. Lokhu kuhlobene nocwaningo, ubuchwepheshe, imithethonqubo, ukungaqondakali kwezikhungo kanye nezinqubo, kanye nezinye izinkinga zokuphatha.
Ngokwabacwaningi, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokumiswa okwesikhashana kwezimayini ezijuleni kolwandle sikhona ngokusobala emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba imibuso inezibopho nezibopho eziningi okufanele ziqale ziyifeze ngaphambi kokuba imisebenzi enjalo iqale kabusha ngokuzibophezela. "Kunokufana okuningi phakathi kwamagama 'ikhefu lokuqapha' nelithi 'moratorium' kunomehluko. Umthelela ubaluleke kakhulu kunegama noma amagama," kusho uPradeep Singh. Kokubili ukumiswa okwesikhashana kanye nokumiswa kwe-ISA kungase - ngokuhambisana nendlela yokuqapha - kubambezele ngempumelelo uguquko olusuka ekuhloleni luye ekusetshenzisweni kwezimbiwa.
Ababhali bachaza ukumiswa njengokumiswa okusemthethweni nokubophayo. Inesisindo esikhulu emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe futhi ngokuvamile idinga isivumelwano esisemthethweni noma isixazululo. Uma kubhekwa izithakazelo ezisengcupheni kanye nokuthambekela kwe-ISA ekusebenzeni ngokuvumelana, lokhu kungase kube nzima ukukufeza esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Ukumisa okwesikhashana kwezinyathelo zokuphepha kungabhekwa njengesinyathelo esibuthakathaka ngokusemthethweni, njengoba kungase kusekelwe ezivumelwaneni ezingakahleleki futhi kunemingcele ethambile. Nokho, ngenxa yezizathu ezingokoqobo, i-ISA ingase ikhethe lokhu, njengoba ingase ibhekane nokuphikiswa okuncane futhi izogcina inhloso yokuthuthukisa uhlaka oludingekayo futhi ichaze imingcele eyamukelekayo ukuze isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo. Inketho yokumisa okwesikhashana ingase icatshangelwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma kubonakala ukuthi uhlaka lomthetho olufanele inhloso yokuphatha imisebenzi yezimayini alufezeki. Abacwaningi baveza ukuthi isikhundla soMkhandlu we-ISA kanye nezifunda eziningi sezivele zenza kucace ukuthi izimayini zezohwebo akufanele ziqale lapho kungekho mithethonqubo, nokuthi isikhathi esiningi nolwazi luyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlaka oluqinile, oluphoqelelayo, noluqinile.
Kodwa-ke, abalobi bayavuma ukuthi isinqumo sokulibazisa singaba nemiphumela engalindelekile .
Njengoba kunezinkinga eziningi ezivulekile ezisadinga ukuxoxiswana ngazo kanye nokuntuleka kobufakazi besayensi obungasebenza njengesisekelo sokwenza izinqumo, isiphetho sezingxoxo kulo nyaka sibonakala singenakwenzeka. “Akunakugwenywa ukuthi umhlahlandlela kuzodingeka ubuyekezwe,” kusho uSingh. Izingxoxo zizoqhubeka nokubambezeleka uma isicelo sokuxhashazwa sithunyelwa phakathi nonyaka ngaphandle kwesinqumo esibekiwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amagama noma ilebula elisetshenzisiwe lithini, ukuhlehlisa ukuqala kwemisebenzi yokuxhashazwa kuze kube yilapho izimo zihlangatshezwa kuyinkambo yesenzo enengqondo nenesibopho.
Ukushicilelwa kwangempela
Singh, P., Jaeckel, A., & Ardron, JA (2025). Ukumiswa okwesikhashana noma Ukumiswa Kwezimayini Ezijulile Zasolwandle endaweni? Isisekelo Somthetho, Izindlela Ezingenzeka, kanye Nemithelela Yenqubomgomo Engenzeka. Ukuthuthukiswa kolwandle kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, 56(1), 18-44.
Funda futhi
I-Seabed: Imithelela emikhulu yemisebenzi yabantu isaqhubeka iminyaka | I-Pugnalom
Isicelo esiphuthumayo esivela kumphakathi wocwaningo lwasolwandle waseYurophu | I-Pugnalom
