Ukuguqula utshani obungenalutho lube idlelo elicebile ngezinhlobo zezilwane kudinga okungaphezu nje kokushiya ukugunda. Noma ubani osechithe iminyaka evundisa, eqeda lonke ukhula, noma ephephetha izinqamu zotshani kuyo yonke indawo akufanele amangale ukuthi, naphezu kokuyeka ukugunda, akukho lutho ngaphandle kotshani obukhulayo futhi cishe akukho zitshalo ezihlala.
Ngokocwaningo lwango-2023 olwenziwa yi-Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), kubalulekile ukugwema zonke izinhlobo zokuvundisa ukuze kwehliswe amazinga e-nitrogen enhlabathini kanye nokusebenzisa ngokukhetha imbewu yomdabu ukukhuthaza izitshalo zasendaweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugunda kufanele kukhawulelwe ezikhathini ezithile, njengasemuva kokuvuthwa kwembewu, ukugwema ukuphazamisa ukuzala kwezitshalo. Ucwaningo lwango-2024 olwenziwa yi-Institute for Ecological Economy Promotion (IÖW) lubonisa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zingakhuphula kakhulu hhayi nje kuphela ukuhlukahluka kwezinambuzane kodwa futhi nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo sezizonke ezingadini nasezindaweni eziluhlaza. Sekuyisikhathi eside izinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo zitusa ukwakhiwa kwamakhona asendle noma imicu yezimbali ukuze kutholakale isiphephelo sezinambuzane nokudla.
Nokho, abalimi abaningi baye bahluleka kabuhlungu emzamweni wabo wokutshala izitshalo zasendle otshanini babo. Izizathu zingaba:
- Njengoba sekushiwo, utshani sebugundwe futhi buvundiswa njalo amashumi eminyaka. Udinga ukwazi umlando wotshani ukuze usungule izitshalo ezihlosiwe. Ukukhuluma nje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili: izimfunda ezithambile nezicebile. Izimfunda ezicebile yizona ezivame kakhulu futhi zibonakala kalula izitshalo ezithanda i-nitrogen njengama-dandelion, amadokhi, nama-buttercups.
- Uhlobo lwenhlabathi alwaziwa. Kunenhlabathi enzima futhi elula (umhlabathi osindayo: ubumba oluningi noma okuqukethwe okulahlekile, igcina amanzi nemisoco kahle, futhi izwakale ingcolile futhi inamafutha uma imanzi; inhlabathi elula: isihlabathi esiphezulu, imisoco kanye namanzi akugcinwa kahle kancane, futhi umuzwa ojwayelekile "owohlokayo" lapho uhlikihla inhlabathi phakathi kweminwe yakho ukhona). Kuye ngohlobo lwenhlabathi, imiphakathi yezitshalo ezomila kuwo iyahluka. I-pH nayo idlala indima: inhlabathi ye-peat iyinhlabathi ene-asidi, inhlabathi enzima ine-pH ephakeme cishe engu-6,5 kuya ku-7, futhi inhlabathi eyisihlabathi iphakathi. Kunezitshalo ezithanda inhlabathi ene-acidic kanye nalezo ezithanda inhlabathi ene-pH ephakeme (ezitolo ze-hardware, izitshalo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-lime-loving" = i-pH ephezulu, noma "izitshalo ze-moor" = i-pH ephansi). Ezinye izitshalo zibekezelela inhlabathi ebanzi.
- Indawo nayo ibalulekile: libalele, umthunzi oyingxenye, umthunzi okhanyayo, noma umthunzi ogcwele. Lapho ilanga libalele, indawo ekhethwayo inkulu kakhulu; emthunzini ojulile, kumila izitshalo zezimbali ezimbalwa kuphela.
- Ukulungiselela bekungenele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, utshani bakha amacansi aminyene okumele asuswe ezindaweni ohlele ukutshala noma ukuhlwanyela kuzo. Empeleni, lokhu kusho: ukumba isiqeshana esikhulu ngokwanele (okungenani amabhola amane ezimpande) nge-spade, ukuphakamisa nokukhipha i-turf, ukukhulula kahle inhlabathi engaphansi nokukhipha yonke imfucumfucu yezimpande, ukutshala isitshalo sasendle phakathi nendawo, futhi usinisele. Ungakhohlwa ukuhlakula nokunisela njalo.
- Indawo incane kakhulu kubahlali abasha. Kungcono ukutshala izindawo ezinkulu ezinezinhlobo zezimbali zasendle ezifanayo kunokuhlakaza iziqephu eziningi ezincane; okungenani imitha yesikwele eyodwa. Tshala "ama-tufts" kunokuba nje isifanekiso esisodwa.
- ukukhetha okungalungile kwesitshalo (bona ngenhla)
- Umanyolo omningi kakhulu. Emvelweni, izimfunda ezinothe kakhulu ngezinhlobo zezilwane zikhula enhlabathini enelanga, ethambile. Izimbali zasendle ezisanda kutshalwa aziwudingi umanyolo. Kungcono ukuthi ungasebenzisi inhlabathi yezimbiza ezithengiswayo, noma, njengoba lokhu sekuvundiswa ngaphambili ngumenzi. Kungcono ukuthola inhlabathi "yemvelo" ("phezulu") endaweni ethile futhi, uma kunesidingo, "uyenze buthaka" ngesihlabathi esimahhadla kanye/noma wengeze umquba (umquba omdala).
- Amanzi amancane kakhulu noma amaningi kakhulu. Imibhede yembewu kufanele igcinwe imanzi okungenani kuze kube yilapho imbewu iqhuma. Naka isimo sezulu! Izimbali zasendle nazo zidinga amanzi avamile, okungenani ehlobo lazo lokuqala - ulwazi lubonisa ukuthi zidinga okungenani inkathi eyodwa yokukhula ukuze zisungulwe. Funda ukutshela isitshalo sakho izidingo zamanzi ngokubheka amaqabunga aso (ukulahlekelwa ukugqama kweqabunga, amaqabunga ashona phansi). Ngokuvamile kulula ukusungula izitshalo zasendle ezifakwe embizeni kunokukhula kusuka enzalweni. Izitshalo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezibekezelela ukugcwala kwamanzi.
Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingafanela indawo okuyo, bheka ukuthi yini ekhula ezindaweni eziseduze – uma nje lezi zingagundiwe njalo. Uzovame ukubona izinhlobo ezifana ne-buttercup ( Ranunculus ), i-dandelion ( Taraxacum ), i-umbel-flowering cow parsley ( Anthriscus sylvestris ), noma isanqante sasendle ( Daucus carota ) – lokhu kusikisela indawo evundile kakhulu.
Usesendleleni efanele impela uma "ugomela" utshani bakho ekwindla ngezitshalo eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka eziqhakaza entwasahlobo: amaconsi eqhwa ( iGalanthus ), ama-crocuses asendle ( iCrocus ), ama-bluebell ( i-Scilla ), ama-liverwort ( i-Hepatica nobilis ), kanye nama-aconites asebusika ( i-Eranthis hyemalis ) afanelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-anemone okhuni ( i-Anemone nemorosa ) kanye nama-cowlips ( i-Primula veris ) angatshalwa – ngamabhola ezimpande, ngisho nonyaka wonke.
Ngezansi kunezibonelo zezitshalo zasendle ezilungele izinambuzane.
Ngenhlabathi esindayo:
Isibhamu esinwabuzelayo ( Ajuga reptans )
I-Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium )
ICuckoo Campion ( Silene flos cuculi )
I-Wild mallow ( i- Malva sylvestris )
Izinhlobo ze-chamomile (isb. i-chamomile yangempela Matricaria comomilla )
I-Goose cinquefoil (i-Potentilla anserina)
I-Pippau enekhanda elincane ( i-Crepis capillaris )
I-Lesser Yellow Rattle (i- Rhinanthus minor )
Inyoni ye-vetch ( Vicia cracca )
I-knapweed yasehlathini ( i-Centaurea jacea )
I-Campion ( Silene latifolia )
I-Brownelle ( i-Prunella vulgaris )
Ngenhlabathi elula:
I-Germander speedwell ( Veronica chamaedrys )
Burnet ( Sanguisorba officinalis )
I-Oxeye enamaqabunga omhlanga ( Buphthalmum salicifolium )
I-sage yasehlathini (i-Salvia pratensis)
I-Meadow daisy (i-Leucantheum vulgare)
I-lupine enamaqabunga amaningi ( i-Lupinus polyphyllus )
Amabala afihliwe e-clover emhlophe ( i-Trifolium repens ) angatholakala cishe yonke indawo otshanini – nokho, awavamile ukubonwa eqhakaza ngenxa yokugunda njalo. Kuyafana nokuzelapha kanye nokhula. Uma uthola amabala anjalo, mane uchebe eduze kwawo futhi ujabulele izimbali, eziheha izinambuzane eziningi.
Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo ze-clover zomdabu ziyizindlela zokunakekelwa kalula ukuze zilinywe esikhundleni noma otshanini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-clover emhlophe ingatshalwa noma itshalwe esikhundleni sotshani—idili lezinyosi zasendle.
Zonke izinhlobo ze-clover zihlanganyela ubuhlobo obuthile nama-bacterium athile, ama-nodule bacteria. Lawa ma-microbe ahlala ezimpandeni futhi ahlala endaweni yamaqhuqhuva amancane. Bayakwazi ukuguqula i-nitrogen esuka emoyeni ibe yi-ammonia ne-ammonium, okwenza itholakale ezitshalweni. Ngokubuyisela, lesi sitshalo sinikeza amagciwane ushukela othile. Lobu budlelwano bokuwina benza i-clover incike kakhulu kunitrogen yenhlabathi futhi ichaza ukusatshalaliswa kwayo okusabalele.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-clover zithanda umhlabathi osindayo:
I-clover ebomvu ( i-Trifolium pratense )
I-trefoil yezinyoni zaseMeadow ( i-Lotus corniculatus )
I-clover eluhlaza ( i-Trifolium purpureum )
I-clover yaseSweden (i- Trifolium medium )
I-Hare trefoil (i -Trifolium arvense )
I-clover yasensimini ( i-Trifolium campestre )
... futhi lena elula kakhulu:
I-sorrel yokhuni enwabuzelayo ( i-Oxalis corniculata )
I-clover yase-Alpine (i -Trifolium alpinum )
I-Anthyllis vulneraria ( i-Anthyllis vulneraria )
I-Crimson clover ( i-Trifolium incarnatum )
I-hop clover ( i-Medicago lupulina )
I-clover yomnenke ( i -Medicago minima )
Icebiso lokugcina: Yiba nesineke futhi ungalindeli okuningi kakhulu. Ukuguqulwa okungahleliwe kube yidlelo lamaphupho akuvamile ukuphumelela. Yaneliseka uma kuvela izimbali lapha nalaphaya. Ngisho nedlelo elicebile ngezakhamzimba lingaba yinzuzo emvelweni. Idlelo elicebile ngezakhamzimba eliphathwa kabanzi - njengoba lichazwa yizolimo - ligundwa kabili kuya kane ngonyaka. Izifundo ezivela eNorth Rhine-Westphalia zikhombisile ukuthi ezinye zazo zinezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezimangalisayo: kutholakale izinhlobo ezingu-40 ezahlukene. Uma ukwazi ukugcina ngisho nohlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili unomphela enkundleni yakho yegalofu yangaphambili, usuvele ufeze lukhulu.
Funda futhi
Alikho ithuba lezimbali nezinambuzane | I-Pugnalom
