Abalimi nabalimi bayayazi le nkinga: ukugawulwa kwenhlabathi kanye nomquba oqukethe ingxenye yensalela yemfucuza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-substrates avela ezitolo ze-hardware, abathengisi besaphulelo, noma izinkampani zokulahla imfucuza, izinto ezibophayo ezisikiwe, izinsalela zepulasitiki ezingabonakali, noma i-Styrofoam ingatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amaqoqo.
Ukwenza umquba udoti wemvelo uyingxenye emaphakathi yomnotho oyindilinga waseJalimane. Ngokwe-Federal/State Working Group on Waste, cishe amaphesenti angama-2019 ayo yonke imfucumfucu yasekhaya yenziwa umquba ngokuqondile ngo-60. Okunye okungamaphesenti angama-34 afakwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-cascade, okusho ukuthi yaqala yavutshelwa kwase kuba umphumela wokugaya ukudla kwafakwa umquba. Amaphesenti ayisithupha asele abalwa ezinye izinqubo zokugaywa kabusha. Imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo idala phakathi kwamaphesenti angama-30 nangama-40 engqikithi yemfucuza ekhiqizwa ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Noma kunjalo, ukwakheka kwezinto eziqoqwe ezitsheni eziluhlaza kubangela izinkinga ezindaweni zokwelapha . Izakhamuzi eziningi zilahla izinsalela zezithelo nemifino, izimbali, kanye neminye imfucuza yemvelo kanye nokupakishwa kwayo emgqonyeni wemfucuza yemvelo, okuholela ekungcoleni okukhulu: Ngokusho kwezilinganiso ze-German Association of Waste Management, Water and Recycling Industries, ingxenye yezinto zangaphandle ezimfucuza yemvelo ifinyelela kumaphesenti amahlanu - okubangelwa ukulahla okungalungile kwabasebenzisi.
Okuyinkinga kakhulu akuzona nje kuphela ipulasitiki evamile, kodwa futhi nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izikhwama zepulasitiki "ezinomanyolo" noma "i-bioplastics." Lezi zinto, ezikhangiswa njengezinomanyolo, aziboli ngokuphelele ezindaweni zokufaka umquba ngoba isikhathi sokubola sidlula kakhulu isikhathi lapho i-biomass ihlala khona endaweni . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-capsule ekhofi, amafilimu okupakisha, i-aluminium, ingilazi, nezinto zensimbi, ngisho nama-diaper ezinsana kanye nezinqe zikagwayi, kutholakala njalo emfucumfucwini wezinto eziphilayo.
Izifundo zesayensi ziqinisekisa izinga lokungcola. Isibonelo, i- thesis ye-master's eyenziwe yi-Hessian State Office for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology ihlole ama-compost avela ezindaweni ezahlukene. Isilinganiso sezinhlayiya ezingu-56 ngekhilogramu yezinto ezomile zitholakale kuma-compost emfucumfucu yezitshalo, kanti ama-compost emfucumfucu yemvelo evela ezitshalweni zokubilisa aqukethe isilinganiso sezinhlayiya ezingu-391.
Noma ubani olahla ngokunganaki imfucuza yakhe eluhlaza ngokwesiqubulo esithi "ngaphandle kokubona, ngaphandle kwengqondo" unegalelo elikhulu ekonakaleni impilo kanye nemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinto zangaphandle zingakhipha izinto ezahlukahlukene eziyingozi. Isibonelo, amapulasitiki aqukethe isilinganiso samaphesenti amane ezithasiselo ezifana nama-plasticizer, ama-flame retardants, noma ama-stabilizers . Ezinye zalezi zithasiselo, njenge-lead, ama-organotin compounds, noma ama-cadmium compounds, ziyingozi empilweni.
Okungeziwe kulokhu ingozi ekhulayo yokungcoliswa yi-microplastics: izinhlayiya eziphakathi kwamamilimitha amahlanu kanye ne-micrometer eyodwa ngobukhulu eziqhubeka ziqongelela ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini nasemhlabeni. Sezivele ziyingxenye ebalulekile yezintambo zokudla (kufaka phakathi izintambo zokudla zabantu). Izinto eziphilayo ezihlala njalo njenge- polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), i-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), kanye ne -bisphenol A zingaqongelela ezinhlayiyeni ze-microplastic ngobuningi obuphindwe kasigidi kunasezindaweni ezizungezile.
Olunye lwezifundo zokuqala eziphelele ngenani lama-microplastics abantu abawadlayo lwanyatheliswa ngo-2019 ku-Environmental Science & Technology. Lolu cwaningo lucabange ukuthi i-microplastic ithathwa minyaka yonke e-US, ngokusekelwe kudatha evela emanzini okuphuza, ukudla (ikakhulukazi ukudla kwasolwandle), kanye nomoya esiwuphefumulayo. Kumuntu wesilisa omdala, lokhu kwaholela ekutheni i-microplastics ethathwa minyaka yonke ibe ngu-88.000 kuya ku-121.000, kanti amanzi asemabhodleleni nomoya esiwuphefumulayo kuyimithombo eyinhloko. Abesifazane nezingane badla kancane kancane, cishe izinhlayiya ezingu-74.000 kuya ku-94.000 ngonyaka, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuphansi kanye nesisindo somzimba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe izinhlayiya ezingu-1.700 kuya ku-2.300 ngesonto noma izinhlayiya ezingu-7.300 kuya ku-10.100 ngenyanga kubantu abadala. Ucwaningo lugcizelele ukuthi lezi zibalo cishe azinakwa, njengoba kungeyona yonke imithombo, njengokudla okucutshunguliwe, eyacatshangelwa.
Ukulinganisa isisindo se-microplastics kunzima kakhulu ngoba kokubili usayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nobuningi kuyahlukahluka. Olunye ucwaningo , olwanyatheliswa ngo-2021 kuyi-Journal of Hazardous Materials, lulinganisela ukuthi ukudla kwamasonto onke kungaba amagremu angu-0,1 kuya kwangu-5 e-microplastics ngomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuhambelana cishe namagremu angu-0,4 kuya kwangu-20 ngenyanga kanye namagremu angu-5 kuya kwangu-260 ngonyaka. Ububanzi buvela ekungaqiniseki ngobukhulu bezinhlayiya kanye nobuningi, kanye nomehluko wesifunda emaphethini okusetshenziswa.
Olunye ucwaningo lwangonyaka ofanayo luqinisekisile lezi zilinganiso, olubonisa ukuthi ukudla okune-microplastic emazweni aseNtshonalanga kuphakathi kwezinhlayiya ezi-1 nezi-10 ngegremu yokudla okudliwayo. Ukugxila kwezinhlayiya ezifika ku-370.000 ngelitha kutholakale emanzini okuphuza avela emabhodleleni epulasitiki, okwaholela ekuchayekeni okukhulu minyaka yonke kokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamalitha amabili. Abacwaningi baphinde baveza ukuthi abantu baphefumula inani elikhulu le- microplastics , okungaholela ezifweni ezisukela ku-asthma kuya kumdlavuza.
Kunesidingo esikhulu socwaningo olwengeziwe. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2020, inkinga yama-microplastics, okungenani, yayiphathwa ngendlela enqunyelwe, ngoba kunemali eningi okufanele yenziwe ngamapulasitiki: Imakethe yamapulasitiki iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngamaphesenti afinyelela kwayisihlanu ngonyaka; I-Fortune Business Insights ilinganisela ukuthi imakethe yamapulasitiki yomhlaba wonke ingama-US$533,59 billion ngo-2025.
Ubudedengu abathengi abaningi abalahla ngabo imfucuza eluhlaza kuwuphawu lokuthi udaba lwamapulasitiki nama-microplastics lusaqhubeka nokubukelwa phansi futhi alunakwa kangako umphakathi. Nokho izinkampani ezilahla imfucuza kulo lonke elaseJalimane zikhala ngenani eleqile lepulasitiki nelangaphandle kudoti wemvelo - kangangokuthi i-Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV) yazizwa iphoqelekile ukuthi ichibiyele i-Organic Waste Ordinance (BioAbfV). Imithetho eqinile ibilokhu isebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-Meyi 1, 2025. Udoti wezinto eziphilayo ungase ube nepulasitiki engamaphesenti angu-0,5. Uma kutholakala izinto zangaphandle eziningi ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwemigqomo eluhlaza, ishiywa imile, futhi abanikazi kufanele bayihlele kabusha. Eminye imithetho yedolobha ibeka ukuthi leyo migqomo kamuva iphathwa njengensalela futhi ichithwe - ngezindleko zabangcolisi. Imithetho ethize esebenza endaweni inqunywa umasipala ofanele.
Kodwa-ke, inqobo nje uma imithetho efanelekile ingaqiniswa kakhulu, unswinyo oluqinile alufakwa, futhi imikhankaso yokuqwashisa izwe lonke ayiqinisekisi ushintsho ekuqwashiseni umphakathi, ukuncipha okuphawulekayo kwamapulasitiki amancane ngokulahlwa kukadoti oluhlaza akunakwenzeka.
Funda futhi
EJalimane: Ukuthunyelwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye - iPugnalom
I-Ocean iwusinki we-microplastics - i-Pugnalom
Umoya wedolobha laseHamburg ungcoliswe kakhulu ngamaplastiki amancane - iPugnalom
