Ukukhuthaza ezolimo ezigxile esikhathini esizayo futhi ezinobungani nemvelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali ayingozi kuwumgomo we-German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU). I-Technology and Support Center (TFZ) eStraubing, eBavaria, ithuthukisa ingxenye engaba khona yalokhu. Isebenzisa i-mulch ehambisana nemvelo, iphrojekthi ihlose ukuvimbela ukukhula kokhula ngaphandle kokulimaza izitshalo noma izilwane zasendle. I-DBU ixhase iphrojekthi ngezigaba ezimbili ngesamba esingaba ngu-€778.000.
Iphrojekthi ye-Opti Mulch iyingxenye yohlelo loxhaso lwezimali lwe-DBU lukazwelonke lokugwema izibulala-zinambuzane, oluqale ukusebenza kusukela ngo-2020 futhi i-DBU eyethula ochungechungeni lweminikelo elandelanayo. Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa cishe ama-euro ayizigidi ezinhlanu ekuxhaseni amaphrojekthi we-16 futhi luzofinyelela umvuthwandaba walo nyaka ngo-December 3rd no-4th e-Osnabrück ngomcimbi onesihloko esithi "Detox In the Field: Food Security in Intact Ecosystems." NgokukaNobhala-Jikelele we-DBU u-Alexander Bonde, "izindlela eziningi ezintsha zokulima ngaphandle kwezibulala-zinambuzane sezisetshenzisiwe" njengengxenye yohlelo lokuxhasa ngezimali izibulala-zinambuzane. Amaphrojekthi afana ne-Opti Mulch angaba "abashayeli bangempela ekuhlelweni kabusha kokukhiqizwa kwemifino yasensimini." UBonde uqhube wathi: "Ukudla kwethu kuncike emapulazini aphakathi nendawo esifundeni. Ukuze kube noguquko oluyimpumelelo, nokho, abalimi kumele bakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ngokwezimali. Yilokhu kanye okungenziwa ezinye izindlela zokubulala ukhula zangempela, njengephrojekthi ye-Straubing exhaswe yi-DBU."
Ukuncipha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu kubantu
Umkhulumeli we-DBU uDkt. Hans-Christian Schaefer ufingqa inkinga ephathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngale ndlela: "Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokudla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kobuningi kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi akuzona kuphela izinambuzane nokhula olungafunwa olulawulwayo." Umphumela, ngokusho kukaSchaefer: "Amakhemikhali avame ukubulala ezinye izilwane nezitshalo eziningi." Ukulahlekelwa okunjalo kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nakho kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu kubantu. Schaefer: "Ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo eqinile, ukutholakala kwethu kokudla kuzokwehla."
Okunye okungabizi kakhulu kunokuvikela izitshalo ngamakhemikhali
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokocwaningo lwamuva, kuhlanganise nalolo olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, inani elandayo lezibulala-zinambuzane libhekwa njengengozi empilweni yomuntu. Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi kubantu, ezitshalweni, nasezilwaneni, i-TFZ eStraubing, eBavaria, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaDkt. Edgar Remmele, isebenzela ezinye izindlela ezingayingeni imvelo. Kusukela ngo-2021 kuya ku-2023, i-TFZ, ngoxhaso lwe-German Federal Office for Agriculture (DBU), yakha indlela yokumboza ngemifino yasensimini efana nokhukhamba, i-zucchini, nezaqathi. U-Remmele uyachaza: "Ngisho nongqimba oluncane lwe-mulch luvimbela ukukhula kokhula - ngaphandle kokulimaza imifino noma izinambuzane nezikelemu ezihlala eduze." Kuphrojekthi yokulandelela i-Opti Mulch, eqhubeka kuze kube ngu-2025, i-TFZ ihlela ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bayo. Ngokwesikhungo socwaningo sikahulumeni, kugxilwe kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukufakwa kwezimboza zemboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla kanye nokwenza kahle ukwakheka kwemboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla. Udaba olubalulekile luhlala lukhona: enye indlela esikhundleni sezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kufanele ihehe kokubili kwezemvelo nangokwezimali emabhizinisini ezolimo.
Imifino ikhula ngaphandle kokuncintisana ngemisoco
“Isithombo semboza semboza semboza siyakwazi ukubola ngokuphelele futhi sivimbela ukukhula kokhula olungadingeki ngokuvimbela ukukhanya kwelanga nomoya-mpilo,” kuchaza uRemmele. Imifino ingakhula kahle ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka futhi ngaphandle kokuncintisana ngemisoco namanzi. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esisebenzayo, i-mulch iyabola ngaphandle kokukhipha izinto eziyingozi emvelweni. "Ngesigaba sesibili salolu hlelo, sikwazile ukufakazela ngokuphelele ukuthi indlela yethu yokumboza izimbobo azilimazi izilwane zasendle," kusho uRemmele. "Futhi manje sesibonise uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenzayo sisebenzisa idivayisi esanda kwakhiwa." Ngokuka-Remmele, ukwakheka kwe-mulch kuzophinde kuthuthukiswe: "Sifuna ukufaka izinto ezishibhile esikhundleni sikawoyela we-rapeseed kanye nama-fillers ashibhile," kusho umphathi wohlelo. U-Remmele uyaqhubeka: “Imifino eminingi ehloliwe kuze kube manje ayibonisi ukuncishiswa kwesivuno uma itshalwe ngomulch uma iqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-khula ezivamile.” Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukuvunwa kwenzeka esimweni sezulu esomile kakhulu ngo-2023 kanye nesimo sezulu esimanzi kakhulu ngo-2024, ezinye izivivinyo zisalindile kwezinye izitshalo zemifino, ngokusho kukaRemmele. Kulapho-ke kuphela lapho kungenziwa khona izitatimende eziqondile mayelana nokufaneleka okungokoqobo kwendlela yokumboza. Nokho, into eyodwa eqinisekile: "Lezi zindlela ezintsha zokumboza ukhula zisiza ukugcina ukhula luqinile ngisho nangaphandle kwezibulala-zinambuzane." Womabili amaphrojekthi e-TFZ ayegadwe uchwepheshe we-DBU, uChristiane Grimm.
Izibulala-zinambuzane eJalimane
Imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo engama-980 ivunyiwe (imithi yokubulala ukhula engama-388, ama-fungicides angama-290, izibulala-zinambuzane eziyi-116). Athengiswa ngaphansi kwamagama okuhweba ahlukene ayi-1.787. Ukugunyazwa kwesithako esisebenzayo kuthatha iminyaka eyishumi. Amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu ezibulala-zinambuzane agunyazwe kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okwengeziwe kobungozi.
Inkinga
Sidla inqwaba yamakhemikhali ngokudla kwethu, womabili ahlakazekile emaphaketheni futhi aqukethwe ekudleni uqobo. Kwamanye awo, kunamanani akhawulelwe okungafanele eqiwe (= "ukuhlolwa kwento ngayinye"). Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisana kanye nemiphumela enqwabelene yezithako eziyingozi ezingazodwana akunakwa ekuhlolweni: Nakuba amasampula amaningi okudla equkethe izinsalela zesibulala-zinambuzane esingaphezu kwesisodwa, akukabi khona indlela emisiwe yokuhlola imiphumela ehlanganisiwe yalezi zinsalela eziningi. Lokhu kwephula ngokuphawulekayo "isimiso sokuqapha" esikhona eJalimane.
Izibonelo ze-mulch enobungani bemvelo
I-Miscanthus mulch (umhlanga wamaShayina, utshani bendlovu), uboya bezimvu, isitshalo esomisiwe sisele
Funda futhi
Izinhlangano zezolimo nezemvelo zigxeka ukuhlakazwa kwemithethonqubo ye-eco | I-Pugnalom
Ingxube yamakhemikhali ilimaza imizwa | I-Pugnalom
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwePFAS, ukusebenza kwezinso, kanye nempilo yamathumbu | I-Pugnalom
