Phantsi kobunkokeli bukaNjingalwazi uGqr. Sylvia Sander waseGEOMAR, iqela leengcali zenzululwazi zaselwandle eziphambili lilungiselele iphepha lesikhundla malunga nophando nolawulo lolwandle olunzulu. Ingxelo inika iingcebiso zokuhlola nokulawula oluzinzileyo ngakumbi olu luntu lubuthathaka . Ababhali bathi izigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa nokukhuselwa kolwandle olunzulu azinakwenzeka ngaphandle kolwazi oluchanekileyo malunga neenkqubo ze-ecosystem kunye ne-biodiversity. Bafuna uphando olujoliswe kulo ukuvala izikhewu zolwazi. Ingxelo ijoliswe kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, izazinzulu, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye iya kuboniswa namhlanje kwi-webinar ekwi-intanethi.
Luqala phi ulwandle olunzulu? Inkcazo ayifani kwisayensi okanye ngokusemthethweni. Uhlalutyo lwabo oludibeneyo lwemeko yangoku yophando olunzulu, amalungu eqela elisebenzayo elithi "Deep Sea and Ocean Health" leBhodi ye-European Marine Board (EMB) yavumelana ngobunzulu beemitha ezingama-200 okanye ngaphezulu. Ngaphantsi kobu bunzulu, akukho kukhanya kwelanga kungene emanzini, kwaye indawo yokuhlala itshintsha kakhulu. Ngokwale nkcazo, ubunzulu bolwandle benza malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 zomthamo wolwandle. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwi-ecosystem kunye ne-biodiversity ke ngoko kukhulu. Kodwa uxinzelelo kwezi ndawo zokuhlala zesijikelezi-langa sethu, ezinye zazo ezingekachatshazelwa ngokwentelekiso, luyanda ngoku: imisebenzi yabantu efana nokugrumba ioli, ukuloba kunye nokwembiwa kwemigodi enokubakho ezantsi kolwandle kubeka emngciphekweni inkqubo yokuphilisana kwezidalwa ezinzulu zolwandle, kwaye nokutshintsha kwemozulu nako kunempembelelo embi.
Iqela elisebenzayo leenzululwazi ezilishumi elinanye ngoku libonise uhlalutyo lwayo kwisihloko solwandle olunzulu kunye nempilo yolwandle, kunye neengcebiso ezilishumi. Ekhokelwa nguProfesa uDkt Sylvia Sander, uProfesa weMineral Resources kwi-GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre yoPhando lwaseLwandle, kunye noDkt Christian Tamburini weMeditera Institute of Oceanography (MIO), baqulunqa ingxelo, eya kunikezelwa namhlanje yi-EMB kwi-webinar. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, olu xwebhu lugxininisa imfuneko yotyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kuphando olunzulu lolwandle ukuvala izikhewu zolwazi kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi lwezigqibo eziphilileyo zenzululwazi, umzekelo, kwimigodi enzulu yolwandle.
"Ulwandle sisixokelelwano esidityanisiweyo esisuka elunxwemeni siye kwezona nzulu zinzulu," ugxininisa uSylvia Sander, "kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ulwandle alukwazi ukujongwa lodwa kwiphotic - indawo ezaliswe ukukhanya - okanye umgangatho wolwandle." Ke ngoko, uphando olunzulu lolwandle, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokukhuselwa kunxulunyaniswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nempilo yolwandle.
Izindululo ezilishumi zokhuseleko oluzinzileyo lolwandle kunye nentsebenziswano engcono:
1. Ukulawulwa okusebenzayo kwemisebenzi yabantu
2. Ukusekwa kwekomiti yamazwe ngamazwe yozinzo lwenzulu yolwandle
3. Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezisemgangathweni zovavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo
4. Ukukhuthaza iinkqubo zophando-nzulu
5. Utyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi zokubeka iliso ezinzulu zolwandle
6. Ukuqinisa ukuqonda kweenkqubo zolwandle olunzulu lwehlabathi ngokubanzi, iiprojekthi zophando zexesha elide.
7. Inkxaso-mali yophando kwiinkalo ezifana nolandelelwano lwe-genome kunye neenkqubo ze-biogeochemical
8. Ukwakha amandla ehlabathi kuphando olunzulu lolwandle
9. Ukutshintshela iteknoloji kwimimandla engamelwanga ngokwaneleyo
10. Ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo ye-FAIR yedatha enzulu yolwandle
Ubungqina bokuba ubomi bukho kwiinzulu zolwandle ezimnyama nezibandayo, apho uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lugquba khona, bathandabuzeka de kwaba sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, xa izinto eziphilayo zokuqala ezihlala apho zafunyanwa ekuqaleni kophando olunzulu lolwandle. Namhlanje, uphando lubonisa ukuba ulwandle olunzulu lugcina iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo . Kukho iinkqubo zendalo ezintsonkothileyo kwiindawo ezithe tyaba zelizwekazi, kwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba, nakwiindawo ezikhupha umoya oshushu, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-black smokers, nto leyo engaziwa kangako.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-90 ekhulwini azo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikumanzi anzongonzongo elwandle ayikachazwa, yaye imisebenzi yazo kwi-ecosystem ayaziwa. Kukwakho nezikhewu ezinkulu kumbono wolwandle ngokwasemzimbeni, umzekelo, kwimodeli yemisinga enzulu yolwandle, ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwezondlo kunye nongcoliseko. Kwi-geochemistry, akucaci ukuba imijikelo ye-biogeochemical kulwandle olunzulu iphenjelelwa njani ngokungenelela kwabantu okufana nokumbiwa kwemigodi enzulu elwandle. Umzekelo, kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nendlela intlenga edalwe kukugrunjwa kwamaqhuqhuva emanganese asasazeka ngayo kwaye zeziphi iziphumo zexesha elide eziya kuba nazo kuluntu oluphantsi kolwandle. Ekugqibeleni, kukho nemingeni yobugcisa: ezininzi iisensom zanamhlanje kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso ziphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo kubunzulu obugqithisileyo, okwenza kube nzima ukurekhoda iiparameters ezibalulekileyo. Ezi zikhewu zolwazi kufuneka zivalwe ngokukhawuleza ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokwesayensi kulawulo lolwandle olunzulu, izazinzulu ziyalumkisa.
Nangona kunjalo, esikwaziyo ngokuqinisekileyo kukuba ulwandle, eyona nxalenye inkulu yalo lulwandle olunzulu, lugcina ubuninzi be-CO₂ kunye nobushushu, ngaloo ndlela lunegalelo ekunciphiseni utshintsho lwemozulu; ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo wekhabhoni wehlabathi kwaye, njenge "miphunga yeplanethi," ivelisa ngaphezulu kwama-50 ekhulwini yeoksijini. Ukuphazamiseka kwezi misebenzi kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezi nkonzo ze-ecosystem, amanyathelo olondolozo olufanelekileyo kunye namaqhinga okusebenzisa ngokuzinzileyo ayimfuneko ngokukhawuleza.
Iimpembelelo zezinto ezenziwa ngabantu zichaphazela amanzi anzulu olwandle ngeendlela ezininzi. Utshintsho olungenakuguqulwa kumaxesha oluntu, olufana nokufudumala kwehlabathi, iasidi, nokuncipha kweoksijini, zisongela ezi ndawo zokuhlala zibuthathaka. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo kwezixa zentlanzi kunye nemithombo engahlaziyekiyo efana ne-oyile, igesi, nezimbiwa kubeka emngciphekweni ukwahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nemisebenzi ye-ecosystem.
Izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba u-2025 ngunyaka obalulekileyo wokuthatha inyathelo kwimpilo yolwandle: Kubalulekile ukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngoku ukuze kuphunyezwe ukukhutshwa kwe-net-zero ekujoliswe kuyo ngo-2050. ulwandle, kubandakanywa ulwandle olunzulu kunye neenxalenye zomhlaba ezigutyungelwe likhephu kunye nomkhenkce, kwixesha elizayo elingekude."
Iqela elisebenzayo ligxininisa ukuba iYurophu kufuneka ithathe indima ephambili ekukhuselweni kwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo lolwandle olunzulu, ngokukodwa kwisakhelo sezivumelwano ezikhoyo zamazwe ngamazwe.
"I-EU inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokulawula ngcono imisebenzi enzulu yolwandle," utsho uSylvia Sander. "Oku kufuna ukusekwa kweekomiti zenzululwazi zokukhusela ulwandle olunzulu kunye nokuphuhliswa kovavanyo lwempembelelo esemgangathweni."
Abaphandi baphinda bacele inkxaso-mali ekhuselekileyo yophando lwe-transdisciplinary kunye nokubeka iliso ixesha elide. USylvia Sander: "Sifuna ukuqonda ngcono impilo yolwandle ukuze sikhusele kwaye sisebenzise ngokuzinzileyo ulwandle olunzulu - lubonakala phi utshintsho?" Oku kufuna uphando ngakumbi kunye neteknoloji. "Kufuneka sinikezele ngenkxaso engakumbi kwiintlanga ezingaphantsi kophando olunzulu lolwandle kwaye siqaphele isayensi njengelungelo lomntu. Kuphela ngale ndlela sinokuthi siqinisekise impilo yolwandle kunye neplanethi kwizizukulwana ezizayo."
Imvelaphi: Ibhodi yaseLwandle yaseYurophu
I-European Marine Board (EMB) yintlangano yemibutho ye-38 evela kumazwe angama-19 aseYurophu azinikele kuphando lwaselwandle. Yasekwa kwi-1995 ukuqinisa intsebenziswano kwinzululwazi yaselwandle yaseYurophu kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zophando ezidibeneyo. I-EMB isebenza njengonxibelelwano phakathi kwenzululwazi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo, ixhasa ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi, kwaye inikezela ngeengcebiso kumagunya elizwe kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu ukuqhubela phambili uphando lwaselwandle eYurophu. Amalungu aquka amaziko akhokelayo olwandle, abaxhasi bemali yophando, kunye neeyunivesithi ezigxile elwandle.
Ushicilelo lokuqala
Sander, SG, Tamburini, C., Gollner, S., Guilloux, B., Pape, E., Hoving, HJ, Leroux, R., Rovere, M., Semedo, M., Danovaro, R., Narayanaswamy, BE (2025) Uphando loLwandle oluNzulu kunye neeMfuno zoLawulo.
Muñiz Piniella, A., Kellett, P., Alexander, B., Rodriguez Perez, A., Bayo Ruiz, F., Teodosio, MC, Heymans, JJ [Eds.] Future Science Brief N°. I-12 yeBhodi yaseLwandle yaseYurophu, i-Ostend, eBelgium.
Funda kwakhona
Ukufunyaniswa kolwandle olunzulu: Umbungu omtsha ochongwe kwimethane uphuma eCosta Rica | Pugnalom
I-Podcast "Ubomi kwi-Deep Biosphere" iphonononga iimfihlelo zomgangatho wolwandle | Pugnalom
