I-spruce yaseNorway ( i-Picea abies ), eyayiyinsika eyinhloko embonini yezinkuni amashumi eminyaka, iye yaba buthaka ngenxa yeminyaka yesomiso kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zokulima okukodwa kwenze inkinga yaba nkulu kakhulu: i-European spruce bark beetle ( i-Ips typographus ), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-European spruce bark beetle, yayilula ukuyitshala. Le bhungane, engamamilimitha amane kuya kwayisihlanu ubude, ayenzi umsebenzi wayo wokubhubhisa yodwa, kodwa kanye nesikhunta esihlobene naso esihlasela nezihlahla. Izibalo zibonisa umonakalo omkhulu odalwe yizimbungulu zamagxolo. KuMbiko Wesimo Sehlathi Wango-2024 weFree State of Thuringia, i-bark beetle ikhonjwa njengesici esibaluleke kakhulu esibangela umonakalo. Umbiko ukhuluma ngama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingama-28 ezinkuni ze-spruce ezonakele. Lokhu kuhambelana namaphesenti angama-88 ezinkuni eziphelele ezonakele emahlathini aseThuringian.
Umnyango Wesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo e-Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology uphenya ukuthi izihlahla ze-spruce zizivikela kanjani kumabhungane amagxolo nesikhunta, nokuthi izinambuzane kanye nabalingani bazo besikhunta banqoba kanjani ukuzivikela kwezihlahla. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, abacwaningi baphenye ngokuqondile ukuthi kungani izihlahla ze-spruce zikhiqiza ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi kangaka yezinto zokuzivikela ezihlukene ku-resin yazo enamathelayo. Imibono eminingana isikhona kakade ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Enye i-hypothesis iphakamisa ukuthi izinto zokuvikela izitshalo ezilwa ngokuphumelelayo nezinambuzane noma ezivimbele ukuba zingadli ukudla kwezitshalo zihluke kulezo ezivimbela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms.
Enye i-hypothesis ithatha ukuthi inhlanganisela yezinto zokuzivikela isebenza kangcono kunezinto ezingazodwana. Nokho, okwamanje abukho ubufakazi obuncane obusekela le mibono emibili. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bahlola izinto eziyishumi nambili zokuzivikela zemvelo, kulokhu i-monoterpenes njengezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-spruce resin, ngokumelene nezinambuzane zabo eziyingozi kakhulu: i-bark beetle kanye nesikhunta esithwala ibhungane futhi esikhuthaza ukuhlasela kwebhungane. Babefuna ukuthola ukuthi ingabe izinambuzane kanye nesikhunta kusabela ngendlela ehlukile entweni ngayinye nokuthi ingabe izingxube zalezi zinto zokuzivikela zinikeza isivikelo esingcono kumabhungane amagxolo kanye nesikhunta kunento ngayinye.
Ekuhlolweni kokuhlola imiphumela yama -monoterpenes ahlukahlukene kanye nezingxube zawo kuma-bark beetle kanye nama-fungi amathathu ahlukene, ithimba locwaningo likhombisile ukuthi ama-monoterpenes anobuthi kuma-bark beetle ngokuvamile awawona lawo avimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta—futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-monoterpenes axosha ama-bark beetle awazange asebenze ngokumelene nesikhunta, kuyilapho ama-monoterpenes abulala isikhunta awazange abe nomthelela omubi kuma-bark beetle. Abacwaningi bamangala futhi ukuthola ukuthi ama-monoterpenes amaningi kakhulu ezihlahleni ze-spruce ayesebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nama-beetle kanye nama-fungi amabili kwamathathu, kuyilapho ama-monoterpenes asebenzayo kakhulu atholakala ezihlahleni ze-spruce kuphela ngobuningi obuncane kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi bathole ukuthi izingxube zama-monoterpenes zazisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nama-bark beetle kanti amabili kwama-fungi amathathu ahlolwe kune-monoterpenes ngayinye. Ngakho-ke le miphumela inikeza, okokuqala, incazelo ecacile yokuthi kungani izingxube zamakhemikhali zande kangaka emvelweni.
Okutholakele okusha kungasiza ekwakhiweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-monoterpenes, anobuthi ikakhulukazi kumabhungane amagxolo, angase asetshenziswe egxolweni lesihlahla, lapho amabhungane amagxolo ehlala khona bese eqala ukubhoboza egxolweni. Ulwazi lokuthi izingxube zisebenza kangcono kunezinhlanganisela ngazinye nazo zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo emisha yokuvikela izitshalo. Njengoba izitshalo zichayeka ekucindezelekeni okukhulu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lokhu kungase futhi kushintshe ukusebenza kokuzivikela kwazo kumabhungane nesikhunta. "Ngokuqonda ukuthi ukuzivikela kwezitshalo kusebenza kanjani, singabikezela kangcono ukuthi izitshalo zizobhekana kanjani nezimo zezulu zesikhathi esizayo futhi sithuthukise amasu okuvikela imvelo," kusho u-Dineshkumar Kandasamy, omunye wababhali abahamba phambili.
Ukushicilelwa kwangempela
Zaman, R., Jain, A., Hammerbacher, A., Gershenzon, J., Kandasamy, D. (2025). Kokubili i-synergism kanye nokuhlukahluka kokuxhumana kuchaza izingxube ze-monoterpenes ezivikelayo ku-spruce oleoresin. I-Ecology Esebenzayo, i-DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.70077
Funda futhi
Ingcindezi yesomiso ehlathini: Izitendi ezixubile zilungiselelwe kangcono | I-Pugnalom
